Autism communication strategies

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Autism communication strategies are essential techniques that support autistic children in developing their language and communication skills. Communication challenges, including delays in or a complete lack of spoken language, are a key diagnostic criterion for autism. Many autistic children may struggle not only to express their thoughts but also to understand what others are saying. This can lead to misunderstandings, where adults may assume the child is ignoring them when, in reality, the child may not comprehend the message.

Imagine being in a foreign country where you do not understand the language and have no way to interpret what others are saying. If someone called out to you in their language, would you respond? Likely not—because you wouldn’t understand the request. This is similar to how an autistic child may experience the world. Autism communication strategies aim to bridge this gap, providing practical methods to help children better understand and express themselves effectively.

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Autism communication strategies

Interventions to improve communication with autistic children

Effective communication interventions can significantly enhance an autistic child’s ability to express themselves and understand others. Here are two key approaches:

1. Speech Therapy
A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) is a key professional in evaluating and supporting language development. They assess an individual’s understanding and use of language and provide tailored intervention plans. Speech therapists can:

  • Evaluate a child’s language abilities and identify areas for improvement.
  • Design personalized communication strategies to support verbal and non-verbal skills.
  • Offer guidance to parents and caregivers on using communication techniques at home.

Example: A speech therapist might introduce visual aids like picture cards to help a non-verbal child communicate basic needs, such as requesting food or expressing emotions.

2. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a widely recognized, evidence-based therapy designed to improve social, communication, and learning skills through positive reinforcement. It is considered the gold-standard treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental conditions.

ABA therapy is effective because it provides a structured learning environment, which is gradually adjusted to resemble real-life situations. This helps children transition successfully into environments like classrooms.

Key benefits of ABA therapy include:

  • Teaching communication through repetition and reinforcement.
  • Breaking down complex tasks into small, manageable steps.
  • Gradually adapting the learning environment to reflect real-world settings.

Example: An ABA therapist might teach a child how to request a toy by first modeling the behavior, prompting the child to imitate it, and rewarding successful attempts with positive reinforcement.

ABA therapy programs are effective in treating children with autism because they create very structured environments where conditions are optimized for learning. Over time, these very structured environments are systematically changed so that the environment mimics what a child could expect if and when they are placed in the classroom.

By combining these intervention strategies, caregivers and professionals can provide comprehensive support to foster meaningful communication in autistic children.

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Autism communication strategies: Visual supports

Visual supports are concrete cues that help communicate and build language skills. This can incorporate the use of symbols, photos, written words, and objects to help children with autism to learn and understand language, process information, and communicate.
We take for granted the different ways we communicate daily, which include:

  • Language: How we represent information – what words mean and how we combine them.
    • Receptive – refers to how your child understands language.
    • Expressive – refers to how your child uses words to express himself/herself.
  • Speech: A verbal means of communicating – using sounds to make words.
  • Non-verbal methods: gesture, facial expression, eye contact, etc.
  • Pragmatics: How individuals use language in social situations. It includes the following conversation ‘unspoken’ rules, for example, taking turns.

Many children on the autism spectrum respond well to visual information. Visual information can be processed and referred to over time, whereas spoken communication is instant and disappears quickly.

Visuals can involve communication books or boards that use images and/or words on cards to help the individual learn the word and its meaning. The child can point to the image when they want to communicate. For example, if the child is thirsty, they can point to an image of a glass of water. As the child learns more symbols and words, they can use them to create sentences and to answer questions. Others can also use the images to communicate with the child. This is known as the Picture Exchange Communication System and can be used to develop intentional and functional communication.

Another autism communication support tool is known as a visual or picture schedule. This helps individuals learn routine steps, like getting ready for bed. A series of pictures show the steps in order, and over time, they learn each step.

Furthermore, visual schedules can be used to show a person on the spectrum what is happening next or show when there is a change in routine. As people on the spectrum generally don’t like change, this can help them prepare for a change and cope with it more easily. This enables the language surrounding change to be more easily understood and allows individuals to refer back to schedules throughout the task and their day.

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Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

Autism communication strategies: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), helps individuals who cannot talk or are very hard to understand. AAC means all of the ways that someone communicates besides talking. People of all ages can use AAC if they have trouble with speech or language skills. This provides another way to help them communicate other than verbally. AAC includes:

  • Sign language
  • Gestures
  • Pictures, photos, objects, or videos
  • Written words
  • Computers, tablets, or other electronic devices

AAC can help children with autism and can even assist with developing spoken communication. Many people wonder if using AAC will stop someone from talking or slow down language development. This is not true—research shows that AAC can actually help with these concerns! People who use AAC can also learn how to read and write.

Speech generation devices either play pre-recorded words via a switch or button or sound out text that is typed into them. Using the previous example, a hungry child can press the ‘food’ picture button, and the device will say, ‘I want to eat.’ While these tools can be used to replace speech, they can also be used to help a child develop speech. They do this by helping the child to recognize sound patterns, which can be used with visual aids to build language skills.

These systems can also help children learn words as they begin to associate the sounds and pictures with each other. They also help by slowing down communication, giving the child more time to process the information and avoid becoming overloaded.

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Autism communication strategies: Guidelines for nonverbal autistic children

No matter where your child falls on the spectrum for autism, they have the ability to communicate in some manner. Here are some simple guidelines to consider when trying to help your child communicate with you and others.

  • Encourage play and social interaction. All children learn through play, and that includes learning the language. Interactive play provides a delightful chance for you and your child to communicate. Play games that your child enjoys. Incorporate playful activities that promote social interaction. For example, singing, reciting nursery rhymes, and gentle roughhousing. During your interactions, crouch down close to your child so your voice and face are closer to them, increasing the chance of them looking at you.
  • Imitate each other. Copying your child’s sounds and play behaviors will encourage more vocalizing and interaction. It also encourages your child to copy you and take turns. Make sure you imitate how your child is playing – so long as it’s a positive behavior. For example, when your child rolls a car across the floor, then you, too, roll a car across the floor. If they crash the car, you crash your car, too. Be sure not to imitate inappropriate behavior like throwing the car!
  • Focus on nonverbal communication. Gestures and eye contact can build a foundation for language. Encourage your child by modeling and responding to these behaviors. Exaggerate your gestures. Use both your body and your voice when communicating – for example, by extending your hand to point when you say “look” and nodding your head when you say “yes.” Use gestures that are easy for your child to copy. Examples include clapping, opening hands, reaching out arms, etc. Respond to your child’s gestures: When they look at or point to a toy, hand it to them or take the cue for you to play with it. Similarly, point to a toy you want before picking it up.
  • Give time for your child to talk. We naturally want to fill in the missing words when a child doesn’t respond quickly. Giving your child many communication opportunities is essential, even if they are not talking. When you ask a question or see that your child wants something, pause for several seconds while looking at them enthusiastically. Watch for any sound or body movement and respond promptly. The promptness of your response helps your child feel the power of communication.
  • Simplify your language. Be literal and obvious in your choice of language. Say precisely what you mean. Speak in short phrases like “roll ball” or “throw ball.” You can increase the number of words in a phrase once your child’s vocabulary increases.
  • Follow your child’s interests. Rather than interrupting your child’s focus, follow along with words. Use simple words about what your child is doing. By talking about what engages your child, you’ll help them learn the associated vocabulary.
  • Consider assistive devices and visual supports. Assistive technologies and visual supports can do more than take the place of speech. They can foster its development. Examples include devices and apps with pictures that your child touches to produce words. On a simpler level, visual supports can include pictures and groups of pictures that your child can use to indicate requests and thoughts.

Remember, the more concise and simpler the instruction, the more successful the child will be. It is important to note that the simplicity or complexity of language used should be based on the child’s language repertoire at that particular time. Over time, and with success, simple and concise instructions will be elaborated, and more language will be part of their communication.

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Autism puzzle

Autism communication strategies: How ABA therapy can help

ABA therapy is effective through the identification and targeting of skill development goals. ABA therapy will typically address skill deficits across several domains. These domains will vary and depend on the individual needs of the learner.

As behavior analysts, it is our responsibility only to administer ABA-based treatment programs that have proven effective given a specific difficulty. This is called evidence-based practice. The specifics of a treatment program will vary from one person to another, but the foundations of treatment programs are the same. A foundation derived from sound, empirically proven methods repeatedly implemented in the applied setting over time.

Key Takeaways

  1. Implement Visual Supports: Utilizing tools like picture cards, social stories, and visual schedules can enhance understanding and expression for autistic individuals, as they often process visual information more effectively.
  2. Employ Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): For non-verbal individuals, AAC methods such as speech-generating devices or communication boards provide alternative avenues for interaction, facilitating more effective communication.
  3. Engage in Speech Therapy: Working with Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) can help assess and develop both verbal and non-verbal communication skills, offering tailored strategies to improve language abilities.
  4. Utilize Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy: ABA therapy employs positive reinforcement to teach communication and social skills, breaking down complex tasks into manageable steps to facilitate learning.
  5. Use Clear and Concise Language: Communicating with straightforward and direct language helps individuals with autism understand messages more easily, reducing potential confusion.

Implementing these strategies can significantly enhance communication with individuals on the autism spectrum, leading to improved interactions and quality of life.

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Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Traveling with your child with autism

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Planning a trip with your child who has autism? Whether it’s a long car ride to a vacation destination or a short road trip, preparation is key to making the journey as smooth and enjoyable as possible. For some children with autism, car rides offer a comforting sense of routine. They may enjoy looking out the window at the passing scenery, listening to music, or even napping during the drive. Others, however, may find the experience challenging—leading to restlessness, anxiety, or disruptive behaviors like crying, kicking seats, or attempts to unbuckle seat belts.

No matter where your child falls on this spectrum, the strategies shared in this guide can help you navigate the journey with greater ease and create a more pleasant experience for the entire family. With thoughtful planning and a few simple techniques, your next car trip can be filled with positive memories rather than stress.

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Traveling with your child with autism

Preparation before traveling with your child with autism

We all prepare in some fashion before taking a trip and it is no different when traveling with your child with autism. The unknown can be scary. Prepare your child for the trip.

What to discuss with your child with autism before the road trip

  1. Talk with your child about the purpose of the trip.
  2. Talk about where you are going. You might create social stories to present this information more clearly with visuals. Remember, any type of visual support will reduce anxiety and increase interest.
  3. How long it will take, and the stops along the way. Use schedules, maps, and even photo albums to help understand where you are going and whom you will see.
  4. Make it clear why you’re taking this trip together.

Keep it positive as something to look forward to. Prepare a snack bag as well as a toy bag ahead of time so you have food when your child is hungry and toys when your child is bored. Toys such as drawing boards, electronics (iPad or similar device) on which the child can play games or watch movies, travel games such as Perfection, and books may work well to keep your child occupied.

What to bring on the trip

  • Hand sanitizer
  • Flushable wipes
  • Extra batteries and chargers
  • Changes of clothing in case of accidents
  • Plastic bags
  • Medicine for nausea or other physical ailments
  • Extra headphones

Traveling with your child with autism: Essential Safety Tips

Ensuring a safe and comfortable journey when traveling with a child with autism starts with thoughtful preparation.

Secure the Car Environment:
Before setting off, engage the child lock feature to prevent rear doors from being opened from the inside. Additionally, if your child tends to unbuckle their seatbelt, consider investing in seatbelt covers or buckle guards to discourage tampering.

Optimize the Car Seat Setup:
Ensure the child’s car seat is installed correctly and securely fastened according to manufacturer guidelines. For extra comfort during long rides, add soft padding beneath the seat cover to help reduce pressure and improve support. This small adjustment can make a significant difference in your child’s experience.

Sensory-Friendly Preparations:
Consider bringing along comfort items such as noise-canceling headphones, favorite toys, or fidget tools to help manage sensory sensitivities. Calming music or familiar playlists can also create a soothing environment.

By taking these proactive steps, you’ll not only enhance your child’s safety but also make the journey more enjoyable for everyone involved.

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Traveling with your child with autism

Strategies to use throughout traveling with your child with autism

Be Realistic and Flexible:
Long car trips can be challenging, so anticipate the need for regular breaks. Watch for signs of anxiety, such as restlessness or changes in body language, and take pit stops as needed. Allow your child time to stretch, run around, or simply reset. Splitting the trip into manageable segments—even turning it into a scenic mini-vacation with fun stops along the way—can make the journey far more enjoyable for everyone.

Plan Mileage and Reward Systems:
Breaking your route into smaller chunks is a helpful strategy to reduce stress. If your total drive is 300 miles, for instance, divide it into segments of 30 miles or less, depending on your child’s tolerance. Create a reward system: for every successful segment (defined by criteria you set, such as sitting nicely or refraining from disruptive behaviors), let your child pick a prize from a pre-prepared reward bag filled with treats, small toys, or favorite items.

Minimize Uncertainty:
Children with autism often thrive on predictability. Help your child visualize progress by drawing squares or markers on a piece of paper, representing each completed segment of the trip. Consider making the halfway point a special reward milestone to keep motivation high.

Stay Calm and Present:
Trying to rush through the trip can heighten stress levels and increase the likelihood of forgetting essentials. Instead, take deep breaths, relax, and use calming techniques like playing soft music to keep yourself grounded—even when traffic becomes frustrating.

How LeafWing Center Can Help

Traveling with a child with autism doesn’t have to be overwhelming. LeafWing Center offers personalized strategies and parent coaching to prepare your child for new environments and situations, such as long road trips. Through behavior therapy and social readiness training, your child can learn coping mechanisms for managing anxiety and sensory sensitivities during travel. The team at LeafWing Center can also assist in developing tailored reward systems that encourage positive behavior throughout the trip.

By preparing thoughtfully and leveraging expert support from LeafWing Center, you can transform your road trip into a successful and enjoyable experience for the entire family.

Bon Voyage and happy travels!

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Glossary Terms

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Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Pilot talking with a little boy in the airport

Smooth Skies Ahead: A Parent’s Guide to Air Travel with Children with Autism

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Traveling can be stressful, but for children with autism, the unpredictability of air travel can heighten anxiety and sensory overload with large crowds and unfamiliar environments. However, with thoughtful preparation and a proactive approach, flying can be a positive experience for everyone involved. Below, we’ll share planning tips, preparing, and making the day of travel smoother for families with autistic children.

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A pilot talking with a young boy in the airport

Air Travel with Children with Autism: Planning Ahead

Flying with children can be challenging, but when your child is on the autism spectrum, careful preparation becomes even more crucial. The unique sensory, social, and communication needs of children with autism mean that planning ahead can make the difference between a stressful experience and a successful journey. By addressing potential obstacles in advance and tailoring the travel experience to your child’s specific needs, you can reduce anxiety and create a more enjoyable trip for everyone.

Here are some strategies to help you prepare effectively:

  1. Choose Flights Strategically:
    • Select flight times that align with your child’s most comfortable and calm parts of the day.
    • Avoid red-eye or overnight flights that might disrupt your child’s sleep routine.
  2. Consider Layovers:
    • Break the journey into smaller segments for international travel with hotel stays during layovers.
    • Choose flights that minimize the time spent in crowded airports.
  3. Seating Arrangements:
    • Request bulkhead or aisle seats for extra space and accessibility.
  4. Emergency Contact Information:
    • Use temporary tattoos, stickers, or clip-ons with emergency contact details in case your child elopes.
  5. Communicate with the Airline:
    • Inform airline staff about your child’s needs, including allergies, medications, and communication styles.
    • Notify flight attendants of potential behaviors like stimming to avoid misunderstandings.

How to Prepare for TSA: Autism Notification Cards for Smooth Air Travel with Children

Navigating airport security can be one of the most challenging parts of travel. The TSA offers resources to help:

TSA Notification Card:

  • Download and print the card from tsa.gov.
  • Call TSA (855-787-2227) 72 hours before your flight to request assistance.
  • The card alerts TSA officers about your child’s autism, ensuring a smoother conversation about accommodations.

Passenger Support Specialists:

  • Enlist a TSA specialist to guide your child through the screening process with patience and care.

Air Travel with Children with Autism: Preparing Your Child

Preparation helps your child feel more comfortable with the travel experience:

  1. Social Stories:
    • Create a social story detailing every journey step, from check-in to takeoff.
    • Use the story as a visual checklist on travel day.
  2. Airport Familiarization:
    • Visit the airport before your trip to explore key areas.
    • Practice walking through TSA and locating gates, if allowed by airport staff.
  3. Mock Flights:
    • Some airlines and airports offer mock flight experiences for children with autism. Check with your local airport for programs.
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Airline Programs and Tips for Traveling with Children with Autism

Air travel can be a daunting experience for families of children with autism, but there are programs and resources designed to make the journey smoother and less stressful.

Wings for Autism® / Wings for All®: Airport Rehearsals for Families

The Wings for Autism®/Wings for All® program offers airport “rehearsals” specifically designed for individuals with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual or developmental disabilities. These events provide families with the opportunity to practice the entire airport experience, including:

  • Entering the airport
  • Obtaining boarding passes
  • Going through security
  • Boarding a plane

These rehearsals not only help families prepare for the travel day, but they also give airport and airline staff—including TSA professionals—a chance to practice delivering their services in a structured learning environment.

Events are held at major airports such as:

  • Denver International Airport
  • Syracuse Hancock International Airport
  • Dulles International Airport
  • Dane County Regional Airport

If these locations aren’t convenient, families can request events at airports closer to their homes.

Booking Flights: Tips for a Better Experience

Direct flights are often the best choice for families traveling with children with autism, as they reduce the complexities of layovers and additional transitions.

The DPNA Flight Code: Assistance for Passengers with Disabilities

When booking flights, families can request a Special Service Request (SSR) code known as DPNA. This code stands for “Disabled Passenger with Intellectual or Developmental Disability Needing Assistance” and alerts the airline to provide appropriate support for your family during travel.

These resources and tips can significantly reduce the stress of air travel and ensure a smoother experience for both parents and children.
A young girl with headphones sitting on an airplane

Day-of Travel: Dos and Don’ts

The day of your flight can go more smoothly with these tips:

Dos:

  • Bring favorite toys, sensory items (stress balls, sensory brushes, sensory bottles), personal tablets, or oral chews for comfort.
  • Pack noise-canceling headphones to reduce sensory overload.
  • Take breaks for movement, snacks, and restroom stops.
  • Stay flexible and adaptable to the situation.
  • Ask airline staff for help as needed.

Don’ts:

  • Don’t forget caregiver breaks, especially during long journeys.
  • Avoid boarding too early to reduce your child’s time in a confined space.
  • Don’t hesitate to request deplaning first once the flight has landed.

How LeafWing Center Can Help

Preparing for air travel can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. At LeafWing Center, we specialize in helping families develop tailored strategies to prepare children with autism for new experiences like air travel.

  • Social Story Development: We work with parents to create personalized visual aids and checklists.
  • Behavioral Coaching: Our team provides guidance on managing potential challenges during the trip.
  • Airport Desensitization Programs: We can help families practice navigating airports to reduce anxiety.

With our support, you can feel confident that your child is ready to take on the skies. Contact LeafWing Center today to learn more about our services and resources!

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Key Takeaways

  1. Preparation is Essential:
    • Plan flights during times that suit your child’s routine and comfort levels.
    • Familiarize your child with the airport and flying experience beforehand.
  2. Leverage Resources:
    • Use tools like the TSA Notification Card and enlist TSA Passenger Support Specialists to ease the security process.
    • Communicate your child’s needs to airline staff to ensure understanding and support.
  3. Bring Comfort Items:
    • Pack sensory tools, favorite toys, and noise-canceling headphones to help manage your child’s needs during travel.
  4. Practice Flexibility:
    • Be ready to adapt plans and ask for help from airline staff when needed.
    • Focus on making the journey as stress-free as possible, even if things don’t go perfectly.
  5. Seek Professional Support:
    • Organizations like LeafWing Center can help prepare your child for the experience with personalized strategies, social stories, and airport desensitization programs.

These actionable tips can help ensure a more enjoyable travel experience for you and your child!

Request a Behavior Consultation

Glossary Terms

Other Related Articles:

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Father and son are doing the dishes

Why Is Following Through Important When Giving Instructions

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Learning to follow through is an essential skill for children with autism. Many parents worry that their children do not listen. Parenting a child can be challenging, especially when the child has autism. One primary concern for caregivers is when a child does not listen, often leading to a tantrum. This can be frustrating for everyone involved and can make tasks take longer. It is exhausting for both the caregiver and the child. Follow-through is crucial for a child’s growth and development. With it, tasks may be completed. The child may choose to do whatever they want, which can be okay sometimes. However, specific tasks need to be completed to help the day progress. Caregivers should first understand what follow-through means. They should learn the dos and don’ts. Finally, they can gain tips on implementing follow-through with their child.

Key areas to help navigate follow-through

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Mom and daughter laughing on the countertop

Defining Follow-Through

Follow-through means ensuring a child completes a task within a set time frame. This skill is essential for real-world situations. As children grow up, they must complete tasks on time, like getting dressed for work or cleaning their space. However, children may prefer playing with toys instead of completing tasks. Follow-through can also create natural consequences. For example, if a child wants to go to the park, the parent might say, “Get dressed, and then we can go.” If the child plays with their toys instead, the parent can remind them to get dressed to enjoy the park. Learning to follow through is part of growing up. Children with autism may need more practice and assistance to master this skill.

Realistic Expectations of Follow-Through

Parent expectations should align with what a child can understand and do. It is crucial to assess this. As a parent, you know your child best. Think about their ability to grasp information. Can they handle multiple tasks? Do you need to simplify instructions? Consider breaking tasks down into specific steps. You are the one who knows your child’s capabilities and needs.

As parents, we often find ourselves navigating the complex landscape of our children’s development, behavior, and emotional needs. One critical aspect of this journey is setting realistic expectations for what our children can achieve and how they can follow through on tasks or responsibilities we assign to them. It’s essential to pause and evaluate whether our requests align with their developmental stage, abilities, and emotional readiness.

A father teaching son how to tie a tie

Examples of Follow-Through

Follow-through shows up in pretty much every aspect of a child’s day, from getting up and getting dressed to completing homework. When prompting follow-through, a caregiver should incorporate other helpful elements such as visuals and timers, as a child should already be used to them and can aid in completing the task all the way through.

For example, a visual schedule may be used for the morning routine, such as getting dressed, brushing teeth, and making bed. A caregiver would then tell the child to follow the morning schedule and maybe set a timer, letting the child know that if they can complete the morning routine within the timer, they can receive a reward. A caregiver should not leave the child to complete the tasks independently, especially in the beginning. This can be difficult because the caregiver also has tasks they need to get done, but a caregiver should regularly check in on the child to make sure the follow-through is happening.

While the child is still learning to follow through, it is important that the caregiver help model the task by doing part of the task for the child and then backing off for the child to complete the task, known as forward chaining. For example, if a caregiver requests that the child get dressed, the caregiver can start the process by putting the shirt over the child’s head and then backing off to let the child put their arms through to finish the task of putting on the shirt. Don’t expect the child to complete the task the first time alone. Having that expectation will become a frustration for all. The child needs practice and repetition to be able to complete the task on their own.

Which scenario would work best?

Scenario #1:

Imagine this situation. Mom gives Sally her clothes in the morning and tells her to get dressed. Mom then leaves the room and tries to get lunches and other kids ready as well. She returns, and Sally is still in her jammies, playing with her dolls. Mom tells Sally again that she needs her to get dressed, this time making sure Sally is looking at her while she gives her instructions, points to the clothes, and then leaves again to finish getting things ready for school. When she comes back five minutes later, Sally is still in her jammies, playing with her dolls. When Sally’s mom tells her to put her jammies on in the future, do you think Sally will comply? Probably not.

Scenario #2:

Try this instead. Mom tells Sally she has three more minutes to play with her dolls, and then it’s time to get dressed. She sets a timer so the beep becomes a signal to transition to another activity (dressing). When the timer goes off, Mom is there to take the dolls and give Sally her clothes. She tells her, “Get dressed.” Instead of leaving the room, Mom stays to make sure Sally starts getting dressed. If Sally just sits there, within about 10 seconds, Mom tells Sally again to get dressed, but this time, Mom helps Sally start taking off her jammies, gradually backing away as Sally does more and more of the task herself. Mom does not leave the room and does not repeatedly tell Sally, “Get dressed,” without helping and ensuring Sally gets dressed. Once Sally is done getting dressed, Sally’s mom gives her the dolls back for 5 more minutes of play before school as a reward for getting dressed. Here, Sally will learn, over repeated times of Sally’s mom following through, that when her mom tells her to get dressed, she cannot continue playing with her toys unless she does what her mom says.

If you selected scenario #2, you are correct. It does take more effort and time to follow through with your child, but it will be worth it in the end. One of the most important factors when increasing your child’s compliance is follow-through!

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Father and son are doing the dishes

Tips when implementing follow-through with autistic children

  • Use visuals and timers. Since children should be familiar with these tools, incorporating them can help them follow through and complete tasks. Read more about these tools here.
  • Repeat the desired task. Caregivers may think they should only have to give a direction once, and the child will follow. However, children with autism need repetition to complete the task.
  • Practice. Practice. Practice. Just as with repeating the desired task verbally, children with autism will need to practice the skill many times and in different situations to grasp the skill of following through.
  • Help the child start the task. Helping a child begin the task can make the follow-through go more smoothly for everyone and incorporate teamwork.
  • Offer a reward. Offering a reward can help with follow-through on tasks. The reward does not need to be anything crazy. It can be as simple as watching a favorite show after completing homework.

Teaching children with autism the skill of follow-through can be challenging. They often prefer to do what they want. Caregivers can help by modeling task completion. When children see that completing tasks leads to rewards, like TV time or snacks, it becomes easier for them. Teaching this skill early can aid their development. For example, learning to brush their teeth can lead to getting dressed. Eventually, these tasks can become part of their morning routine, including making the bed.

Implementing follow-through with autistic children can indeed be challenging, but with the right strategies, caregivers can effectively teach this essential skill. Autistic children often favor activities that resonate with their interests or provide immediate gratification, making it crucial to introduce the concept of task completion in a way that feels rewarding and manageable for them. LeafWing Center can help develop follow-through with your child with autism by using a task analysis approach that breaks tasks down into manageable steps.

Request More Information

Glossary Terms

Other Related Articles:

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

self-contained classroom setup

Classroom Boundary Markers for Autistic Students

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Boundary markers for autistic students are essential environmental supports that help clarify expectations and minimize confusion in the classroom. Children with autism thrive in a structured and predictable environment. Implementing boundary markers for autistic students helps establish routines early on and maintains consistency. In a world that is constantly changing, these routines provide comfort and support to students on the autism spectrum.

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What is a boundary marker?

Boundary markers for autistic students are physical or environmental supports that help those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) understand expectations for various activities and settings. Boundary markers can be either:

  1. Color-Coded Areas use different colors to signify various activities within the same space or,
  2. Sectioned-Off Areas indicate where students should be during activities promoting organization and focus or a combination of both.
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boundary markers

Examples of boundary markers

Some common, effective examples of boundary markers include:

  1. Visual Cues: Implement pictures, charts, or timers to signal when a boundary is established, aiding comprehension for autistic students.
  2. Colored Tape or Rugs: Use colored tape or rugs to delineate specific areas on the floor, guiding students on where they should be.
  3. Name Tags: Employ name tags or tape to designate seating arrangements, making it clear where each student is expected to sit.
  4. Colored Tablecloths: Utilize colored tablecloths to differentiate between various activities when multiple tasks are being conducted in the same space.
  5. Break Cards: Provide break cards that allow students to request a pause from activities, tasks, or social interactions, empowering them to manage their needs.
  6. Line-Up Markers: Use visual floor markers to help students remember where to stand when lining up, promoting organization and structure.
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classroom boundary markers

Boundary Marker for Autistic Students Best Practices

Educators and specialists agree on several strategies when creating boundary markers as part of a learning environment for autistic students.

To further assist autistic students in navigating boundaries, consider these best practices:

  • Clear Communication that focuses on necessary tasks: Use simple language to ensure instructions are easily understood. Prioritize what needs to be accomplished, aiding clarity for students.
  • Consistent Rules: Maintain stable rules and consequences to foster a predictable environment.
  • Set Outer Limits: Clearly define the boundaries within which students can operate.
  • Respect Personal Space: Be mindful of personal boundaries, which can greatly benefit autistic students.
  • Social Stories and Role-Playing: Incorporate social stories and role-playing to prepare students for different scenarios.
  • Positive Reinforcement: Encourage and reinforce positive behavior to motivate students.
  • Modeling Behavior: Demonstrate appropriate behavior to provide a clear example for students to follow.
  • Flexibility: Be willing to adjust boundaries as needed to accommodate individual student needs.
  • Involve Students: Engage students in boundary-setting to promote understanding and ownership.
  • Create Household Goals: Establish goals for the entire household to foster consistency.
  • Allow Time for Learning and Growth: Provide students the time they need to adapt and thrive within established boundaries.

When boundaries and markers begin to show effectiveness with students with ASD, rewards for appropriately following the supports should be utilized. That is, when a student correctly follows them, they should be provided with social praise or other types of rewards.

self-contained classroom setup

Boundary Markers in a Self-Contained Classroom

When considering boundary markers for autistic students, incorporating best practices in a self-contained classroom allows educators to design the space with the specific needs of these students in mind. This more intensive educational environment helps personalize learning while increasing social interaction and creating a sense of belonging for students with diverse needs.

A self-contained classroom is generally explained as a classroom for special learners in which all members are students with special needs. The classroom may be part of a general education school building or a separate facility for students with special needs. Some classrooms operate as fully self-contained and have students stay in the room for the entire day. On the other hand, other self-contained classroom models have instruction in the room but then go to lunch, specials, recess, etc., with their general education peers.

Self-contained classes usually have no more than ten students and are typically led by a certified teacher. Students in the class are often assisted by a Para-educator who is also there to provide additional support during instruction. These classes enhance students’ ability to learn by limiting the class size and addressing their special needs with smaller groups, individualized instruction, and a flexible but nurturing environment.

When preparing a self-contained classroom, the following strategies help incorporate boundary markers for autistic students:

  • Structure Your Day: Children with autism thrive in a structured and predictable environment. Establish routines early and maintain consistency. Clearly define routines and review them daily. If deviations from the schedule are necessary, provide warnings as soon as possible to help students adjust.
  • Use Visuals: A picture speaks a thousand words! Incorporate visuals whenever possible, as they greatly enhance learning for autistic students. Use visuals to illustrate what to expect during activities such as getting on the bus, arriving at a destination, planning activities, and returning to school. Whenever possible, provide written instructions instead of verbal, highlighting, or underlining important text for emphasis.
  • Implement Schedules: Students with autism appreciate order and detail, feeling more secure when they know what to expect. Using schedules helps students understand what lies ahead. Picture schedules are particularly effective, as they allow students to visualize actions. Schedules can be broad or detailed, catering to individual needs. Some students may require a personal daily schedule, while others may only need a classroom schedule.
  • Minimize Distractions: As you set up your classroom, consider seating arrangements for your autistic students. Avoid placing them near windows, hallways, or high-traffic areas that may cause distractions. Aim to seat them where they have an unobstructed view of your teaching. Assess classroom walls for any distracting elements and remove anything that doesn’t support learning.
  • Create a Calming Space: Stress, anxiety, and misunderstandings can arise in any classroom situation. Prepare by establishing a calming area for your autistic students. This space doesn’t need to be large; a small corner with a chair or beanbag, noise-canceling headphones, and fidget toys can be effective. Practice using this area when the child is calm and happy, and encourage its use during tasks that may cause frustration.

Implementing classroom boundary markers for autistic students is a crucial strategy for creating a supportive and effective learning environment. By clearly defining spaces within the classroom, educators can help these students navigate their surroundings with greater confidence and ease.

LeafWing Center emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique needs of autistic individuals and offers practical strategies for incorporating boundary markers effectively. Please contact us today to see how we can help.

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Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Social Stories and Autism

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Developed by Carol Gray in 1990, Social Stories™ support preventative, or antecedent, strategies to help a child with autism successfully navigate challenging social settings. Social stories increase positive social behaviors and decrease challenging behaviors.

Structured routines and visual cues, among other transition strategies, help children with autism anticipate and respond well to changes in their environment. Social stories complement those interventions and help children with autism develop an understanding of the perspectives, emotions, and behaviors of themselves and others in specific settings.

At LeafWing Center, social stories may be integrated into our treatment approach depending on the needs of the child. Our therapists are experts in ABA therapy, proven to help children with autism. In this article, we will explain:

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Teacher reading a book to her kindergarten class

What Are Social Stories?

As defined by the concept’s author, Carol Gray, social stories are a “social learning tool that supports the safe and meaningful exchange of information between parents, professionals, and people with autism of all ages.”

Implementing the use of social stories in the classroom is a strategy that is likely not new to teachers. However, not all teachers know that they can be used to working with and teaching individuals with autism-specific skills surrounding social and behavioral needs.

In practice, social stories are characterized as follows:

  • Short: A social story is a mini book that describes a social situation and the appropriate social responses.
  • Specific: A social story teaches a specific desired response.
  • Individualized: A social story uses descriptive, encouraging, and positive language, details, and illustrations that:
    • Allow the child to see themselves and the people in their life reflected in the characters and dialogue.
    • Use the first-person point of view or the child’s point of view as well as present or future verb tense.
    • Answer questions the individual with autism may need to know to interact well with others (the who, what, when, where, and why in specific social situations).
    • Consider the child’s level of vocabulary and comprehension, attention span, learning style, and personal interests.

At LeafWing, our personalized approach lets us get to know the children and families we support well. We have many resources available for parents and caregivers of children with autism.

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Goals of Social Stories

Research shows that individuals with autism benefit greatly from the use of social stories and that benefits increase when the social story development process begins with clear goal setting. The goals of social stories center on the perspective of the child with autism, which helps maintain a positive and encouraging tone. In addition, they reflect the inputs of the entire care team, leading to greater skill or behavior generalization.

  • Developing Skills for self-care, the classroom setting, and future work environments helps the individual work toward achieving targeted levels of independence.
  • Teaching Social Norms provides a blueprint to help the child with autism interact with the world around them.
  • Improving Sequencing gives children with autism the tools to move more easily from one task to another or from one environment to the next.
  • Addressing Negative Behavior keeps the child with autism and others around them safe.
  • Coping with Change in daily routine through social story interventions makes the unfamiliar feel more familiar.
  • Celebrating the child’s strengths and recent “wins” through a social story builds their confidence and increases their openness to new skills and experiences.
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Benefits of Social Stories

The benefits of social story interventions are well documented. When constructed and implemented according to certain guidelines, they have been shown to help children with autism:

  • Increase shared understanding and empathy
  • Build confidence
  • Reduce anxiety

Social Stories for students with autism

Components of Social Stories

Social stories are written using four sentence types. They are customary to include two to five descriptive, perspective, or control sentences.

  • Descriptive Sentences: Provide information about the subject, setting, and action.
  • Directive Sentences: Describe the appropriate behavioral responses.
  • Perspective Sentences: Identify the possible feelings and reactions of others.
  • Control Sentences: Describe the actions and responses of the story participants.

A note on control sentences: For example, a control sentence might be, “A puppy barks to get its owner’s attention.” Or, “Ginny yelled to get the teacher’s attention.” Writing social stories for students who have the tendency to over-focus on a specific part of the story may require omitting the control sentence.

How to Write Social Stories

When creating a social story, there are ten steps to follow:

  1. Identify the target situation or concept.
  2. Define the target behavior or skill.
  3. Collect baseline data on the target behavior.
  4. Write a social story using the four-sentence types.
  5. Present one to three sentences on each page.
  6. Use photographs and drawings or icons.
  7. Read the social story to the child/student and model the desired behavior for them.
  8. Collect data on the target behavior.
  9. Review the data and the social story procedures and modify them if they are ineffective.
  10. Plan for maintenance and generalization.

Social stories can be revisited as often as necessary, depending on the child’s receptiveness. Patience is key to the process.

Children with autism frequently do not maintain or generalize skills they have learned. Having a plan for maintenance and generalization helps improve the likelihood they will hold onto newly acquired skills. LeafWing therapists and caregivers will ultimately fade the use of a social story and plan activities to assist the student in generalizing skills across content, persons, environment, and situation.

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Related Glossary Terms

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Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Assignment Notebook

Supporting students with autism in the classroom with an assignment notebook

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One way to support students with autism in the classroom is to give them an assignment notebook. It will give them the feeling of inclusion, especially if all the students have one. While some students with autism are ultra-organized, others need support to find materials, keep their locker and desk areas neat, and remember to bring their assignments home at the end of the day. Present assignment notebooks to the whole classroom to stay organized with assignments from the teacher. This is an effective organizational strategy for students with autism spectrum disorder, especially older students who possess the prerequisite reading, writing, and organizational skills in an assignment notebook. All academic tasks and their due dates are listed in the notebook, and the student will take them to school and home every school day. The most effective support would include a sample of each assignment’s appearance. Students on the spectrum tend to be visual learners.

Visual Type Examples:

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Supporting students with autism in the classroom

What should the assignment notebook contain to support students with autism?

Ideally, it should contain examples of completed resources (math equations, definitions, filled-out problems, etc.), as these would function as visual examples to complete assignments correctly. Although simplified assignment books are acceptable and effective depending on the student, the classroom teacher would need to check the notebook at school to ensure all information and expectations are included.

Alternatives to classic note-taking to help with assignments

  • Record the lesson
  • Use another student’s notes
  • Use the teacher’s outline and fill in the blanks

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Supporting students with autism in the classroom with an assignment notebook

Teachers use assignment notebooks to support students with autism in the classroom

A poor classroom environment for autism can be a grave disadvantage to students with the condition. Most notably, it can cause them difficulty engaging in learning activities and coping with daily life. What’s more, these issues can have a lasting impact on them.

This is why, as a teacher, it’s crucial for you to be aware of the educational implications of autism and how to adopt effective autism instructional strategies. By integrating suitable autism learning styles and alleviating any discomfort in the classroom, you will enable autistic students to take part in learning more comfortably and become better prepared for their future.

Additional ways students with autism can be supported in the classroom

  • Have student repeat back directions
  • Provide task analysis for multi-step tasks
  • Break large chunks of work into smaller parts
  • Using graphic/visual organizers (e.g., organizational, attentional issues)
  • Providing notes for lessons in (subject)
  • Providing outlines for lessons in (subject)
  • Using visual cues (PECS, words, charts, cards) to review schedule, expectations
  • Ensuring that student writes homework assignments legibly
  • Ensuring student has homework assignments and materials before departure
  • Providing study carrels or dividers for independent work
  • Providing preferential seating
  • Providing seating away from distractions
  • Providing seating without visual distraction in the visual field (windows, etc.)
  • Structuring for minimal auditory distraction
  • Providing task analysis, breaking down goals into small steps
  • Using manipulative materials to increase participation in the learning experience
  • Providing peer tutoring/paired work assignment
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How parents can help with the assignment notebook

At home, parents or caregivers monitor the notebook to ensure the student has completed all necessary assignments or activities to the level expected of them. A signature section for each day can provide an additional layer of thoroughness. This can include a signature section for the parent who monitors the assignment book and/or the student who completes the assignments.

When a child also has autism, parents can encounter additional challenges when it comes to task completion, including attention deficits, tantrums, or difficulties with organization. This section includes tips for working through those days when homework is more challenging to complete due to a lack of cooperation or interest. It also includes additional resources and suggestions for caregivers.

If there is going to be a disruption in the typical homework routine, have a conversation with your child with plenty of notice beforehand (i.e., “Since we are going to your school concert tonight, you will need to finish your homework before we go. We can not go if your homework is not finished.”)

Tips for Homework Success:

  • Figure out when the best time to tackle homework is. Some kids need time to relax after school, while others want to get it done right away. Some kids are early risers – morning might be the best time. You know your child.
  • Look for an area that doesn’t have a lot of distractions.
  • Use special interests to motivate. Some autistic children obsess over their favorite interests. Learn to tie that into the homework completion as an award.
  • Present expectations. Set ground rules like no television, computer games, or friends until homework is completed. Be firm in sticking to them so the child knows what is expected of them and that it doesn’t keep changing. Habits and understanding expectations take time to develop, so creating consistency early on is important.
  • Color code subjects. Designate a color for each subject. Talk to the teacher to see if they already have one at school. You can replicate the exact colors at home.
  • Provide positive verbiage about why homework is necessary. Show how what they are learning can be applied to everyday experience.

Parents’ role with homework:

  • Stay positive. Don’t let your frustrations surface. This could make the situation worse. You might need your spouse to step in at this time.
  • Share responsibility with your spouse. Don’t shoot for perfection because your child might become defiant if they feel that they can’t reach your expectations.
  • Be available for help. Stay close by so your child doesn’t have to go looking for you, which can disrupt their work and cause them to become distracted.
  • Be a role model.
  • Provide positive reinforcement. Enforce good homework practices.
  • Advocate with others. Work with teachers and the school. Have a good line of communication with your school team.
  • Teach your child to advocate for themselves. Students with autism may be nervous about asking for help and expressing their needs. Work with your child and the adults who work with them at school to develop a way for the student to self-advocate in a way that makes sense to them.

Remember to allow your child to use tools to help their learning, such as PECS, OneNote, etc. When technology and education come together, possibilities become realities. The true purpose of education is to create possibilities and obtain benefits for a fuller and better life.

The purpose of the assignment notebook for students with autism

Essentially, these assignment books are visual checklists to help students stay organized and on-task. These are pretty standard in schools, yet they must be used to help students with ASD succeed.

As with most strategies for students on the spectrum, the specific skills required to effectively use an assignment book will need to be taught or should already be in the student’s repertoire.
Peer Support

How to encourage the students with ASD to participate in the assignment notebook

In addition, motivation needs to be taken into consideration. The teacher or support staff may need to provide additional reinforcement when the naturally occurring contingencies (i.e., assignment completion) are not sufficient. For example, if a student completes all daily assignments within a specified time frame, let’s say, homework that was assigned Monday through Thursday, then on Friday, they may receive access to a special activity or item. Another way to help students “buy in” to the idea of assignment books is to individualize assignment books so that they include items, characters, colors, or designs that are preferable to the student. Students can customize their assignment books to increase the book’s value and help boost motivation.

Structuring this time daily will allow all learners to be organized and thoughtful about how they prepare to transition from school to home. Specific skills can even be taught during this time (e.g., creating to-do lists and prioritizing tasks).

We hope that you will find assignment books a helpful organizational tool for promoting homework and academic task completion!

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Related Glossary Terms

Other Related Articles

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Motivational words

Choice Boards and “Wait” support for students with autism in the classroom

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Choice boards and ‘Wait’ support in the classroom benefit autistic students based on their individual needs. Different Choice boards are necessary depending on the student’s motor and communication skills. These boards can display objects, pictures, icons, or words for various activities or reinforcers. It is important for the pictures to accurately represent the actual objects for the student to make the connection. Choice boards can be easily made using materials like poster paper, card stock, whiteboards, or any writable surface.

We will discuss two techniques for supporting students with autism in the classroom:

  1. Choice Boards
  2. Wait Supports

Choice boards are commonly used alongside a student’s schedule to allow them to choose activities at designated times. These boards are usually placed near areas for free or break time, encouraging independent selection of activities. Implementing choice boards can create structure and routine for students with autism, helping to reduce anxiety.

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Choice boards for autism in the classroom

What are Choice boards for autism?

A Choice board is a type of visual environmental support that can benefit students, especially students with ASD. Choices should be incorporated into as many activities as possible, as choice boards provide students with decision-making opportunities and a sense of responsibility for their behavior and work. A Choice board may or may not have written words describing the image.

How are Choice boards used?

When introducing a Choice board to a student with autism, make sure to show the board, read the choices aloud, and point to the choice you are reading. You need to wait for the student to select a choice by either pointing, removing the choice, handing it to you, or verbally choosing.

When to use a Choice board in the classroom

  • Reinforcers
  • Rewards
  • Activiities or Actions
  • Materials or Supplies

What are the benefits of using Choice boards within the classroom?

Choice boards are used to encourage communication, provide a visual reminder of what activities are available, and encourage independent decision-making throughout the day within the school setting. Offering a choice before an activity/task begins may increase the likelihood of participation and decrease the possibility of a student with autism engaging in challenging behaviors.

Choice boards are most effective when the choices are appropriate and make sense at the moment. If a choice cannot be honored in that scenario, then it should be removed from the choice board. Failing to do so only frustrates the student when the choice cannot happen and decreases the likelihood of them wanting to use the choice board.

Additionally, similar to their average peers, if there are too many choices, students can become overwhelmed and either take too long or avoid making a choice. The opposite is also true, only having two choices in every instance for a choice can decrease the effectiveness of a choice board. Those making the choice boards should continually evaluate if there are too many or too few choice boards.

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Wait Support for students with autism in the classroom

Why are ‘Wait’ supports important for children with autism?

Similar to Choice boards, ‘Wait’ support is another visual strategy or tool that can be incorporated throughout the school day. As we know, waiting is a difficult skill for many children, with or without disabilities. However, for students with autism, in particular, waiting typically presents problems because time is an abstract concept, they are not aware of the social rules of waiting, or they do not comprehend the reason for waiting.

We also know that if a student waits too long or is not engaged in some type of activity, even if it is a simple activity such as putting a backpack away or clearing a desk, then unwanted behaviors will likely occur. Therefore, students with ASD will typically require specific instructions to develop appropriate waiting behaviors.

Guidelines to determine the type of ‘Wait’ support

When developing ‘Wait’ supports, you need to determine if the student has the prerequisite skills that are necessary to engage in waiting behaviors. Students have to wait on many occasions throughout the day.

Examples of wait times at school

  • Wait to access a preferred activity or object
  • Wait for the bus in the morning and afternoon
  • Stand in line to leave the classroom
  • Wait for lunch to be served
  • Wait for everyone to be quiet for circle time

Wait support tools

  • Visual timers
  • Countdown strips
  • Distractors

First, role-play and practice waiting using different instructions and in different settings when you want to identify this skill.

Keep in mind that when you are practicing ‘learning to wait’ with your students, make sure it is authentic and in an actual setting where you would expect the student to use this skill.

Again, be sure to teach waiting skills across various settings to increase the likelihood of generalization. Even using a peer model or a peer buddy during waiting times can offer support for desired behaviors.

Additionally, specific ‘physical supports’ such as chairs near the waiting area, setting a timer, or holding a picture representing “wait,” can also help a student learn this concept.

5 Tips for Using Wait Times:

  • Give Reminders. For example, if the wait time is three minutes, at one minute, point to the time and say you have one minute left.
  • Practice. Build up the amount of time spent waiting through practice just like any skill; waiting takes practice over and over again.
  • Repetition. Incorporate wait times into the schedule so students can get used to it becoming part of the daily routine.
  • Provide Visuals. Incorporate colors as an additional time visual. Red could mean wait. Yellow could mean almost 1 minute left. Green means the waiting is up, and it’s time for an activity or reward after waiting.
  • Flip Cards. Use flip cards as a means for waiting, such as starting from 10 and counting down to 0, as it incorporates two skills at once.

As you know, for any kind of learning to take place, it is essential for students to have an active involvement with their teachers, peers, and the curriculum. Given that students with autism tend to be passive learners, it is necessary to plan activities that require students to become active participants. This can occur by creating opportunities for students to respond. Research supports a functional relationship between academic performance and how often a student can respond. Therefore, the more students participate in an activity, the more off-task and disruptive behaviors will decrease.

Let LeafWing Center help establish some basic Choice boards and ‘Wait’ support techniques for your child that simulate the classroom setting. This will aid and decrease anxiety when the student is ready to make the transition to the classroom. Make sure to share the methods with the child’s teacher to help reinforce the foundation that has been established by the ABA therapist for children with autism.

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Related Glossary Terms

Other Related Articles:

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Autism and periods

Autism and periods

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Autism and periods
For many young teens, getting their period can be a challenging time as they navigate the physical and emotional changes that come with it. But for those on the autism spectrum, these challenges can be even more pronounced. Sensory sensitivities, difficulties with emotional regulation, and communication issues can all make dealing with periods particularly tough.

One of the biggest challenges for individuals with autism during their period is sensory sensitivities. Many people with autism already struggle with sensory processing issues, such as being overly sensitive to sounds, lights, textures, and smells. When it comes to menstruation, these sensitivities can be heightened and make the experience even more overwhelming.

We will be discussing

Parents often focus on their children’s current state, but it’s important to remember that they will grow into adults. LeafWing can be a valuable resource for parents navigating their autistic children through the transition into adulthood.

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Period products

What are periods?

Periods are a natural process that occurs in females as part of their reproductive cycle. For most females, this happens every 28 days or so, but it’s common for periods to be more or less frequent than this, ranging from every 23 days to every 35 days.

Your period can last between 2 and 7 days, but it usually lasts about 5 days. The bleeding tends to be heaviest in the first 2 days.

When your period is at its heaviest, the blood will be red. On lighter days, it may be pink or brown.
Parents need to communicate with their young autistic daughter that this is normal and does not mean you are injured or hurt.

It is important for parents to discuss the entire menstrual cycle with their daughters, not just focusing on the bleeding part. For example, you can start by explaining that her body will start to go through puberty. During puberty, a young woman begins to ovulate, releasing a mature egg from one of her ovaries. The ovaries are located in the pelvis and are the female reproductive organs. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm in the fallopian tube, pregnancy occurs. The fertilized egg attaches to the uterus lining, where the placenta forms. The placenta provides nutrition and oxygen to the fetus from the mother. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus is shed during menstruation. This will help ensure that they better understand why this occurs every month.

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When do periods start?

Periods usually begin at around the age of 12, although some girls will start them earlier or later.

A delay in starting periods isn’t usually a cause for concern. Most girls will begin having regular periods by ages 16 to 18.

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

Changes in your body’s hormone levels before your period can cause physical and emotional changes.

This is known as PMS (premenstrual syndrome) or PMT (premenstrual tension).

There are many possible symptoms of PMS, but typical symptoms include:

  • feeling bloated
  • breast tenderness
  • mood swings
  • feeling irritable
  • spotty skin
  • low sex drive (loss of libido)

These symptoms usually improve when your period starts and disappear a few days afterward. Not all women who have periods experience PMS.

Managing your periods when you have autism

  1. Educate your daughter early so there are no surprises about the symptoms that her body will be experiencing and reduce the anxieties. Talk to her about the menstrual cycle, why she has a menstrual cycle, and the changes her body will be going through.
  2. Have a plan in place. Start talking about all the sanitary products and how to use them.
    The main types of sanitary products are:

    • Sanitary pads – strips of padding with a sticky side you attach to your underwear to hold them in place. One side of the pad is made of an absorbent material that soaks up the blood.
    • Tampons – a plug of soft material inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual blood. A brand new product called TINA (Tampon INsertion Aid) helps individuals with disabilities to insert the tampon into the vagina.
    • Period panties/underwear – they are worn like underwear, but have extra padding to absorb the flow and protect from leaks, while keeping you feeling fresh.
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autistic female having period symptoms

Challenges associated with periods and autism

Parents need to understand that adolescence can be challenging for young females, especially those with autism. Effective communication, task analysis, support, and patience are essential for helping them navigate this new stage in their lives. Parents can decide to use forward chaining or backward chaining techniques when trying to prepare their daughters to care for themselves during their periods.

One key aspect for parents to keep in mind is the heightened stress their daughter may experience during this time. The physical changes, emotional fluctuations, and sensory sensitivities that often accompany menstruation can be overwhelming for individuals with autism. Parents should be prepared to provide extra support and understanding during this period.

Parents need to recognize that their daughter may struggle to communicate her feelings and needs during her period. It is essential to create a safe and open environment where she feels comfortable expressing any discomfort or concerns she may have. Parents can use visual aids, social stories, or other forms of communication to help facilitate communication during this time. Additionally, providing her with the necessary support and resources to manage her period effectively can make a significant difference in her overall well-being.

Feelings your daughter with autism may be feeling:

  • confusion due to the lack of clear, detailed information about periods and the common terms being used.
  • feeling worried about disruption to routine, like:
    • changes in showering and toileting routines
    • having to wear period products
    • having to use public toilets
    • understanding why periods might change monthly due to age, stress, or childbirth
  • understanding and being able to communicate the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
  • change in mood swings and elevated meltdowns

Executive function deficiency, including:

  • remembering to carry period products
  • knowing the sequence of changing a sanitary pad or tampon
  • knowing when to change a sanitary pad or tampon
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How to support your autistic daughter with her periods

Autistic females may require additional support in understanding and preparing for menstruation. Providing clear descriptions and explanations in advance can help in alleviating confusion and stress.

Different individuals may require information in a format that is tailored to their needs, such as visual aids, social stories, books, pictures, and videos. It is important to use clear and straightforward language when discussing menstruation, as euphemisms and slang terms can cause confusion and anxiety.

Consult your daughter’s pediatrician

It is important to consider potential underlying factors when observing significant changes in your child’s behavior, such as pain, discomfort, fear, confusion, sadness, or sensory overload. Watch for signs like self-injury, changes in appetite or sleep, frequent complaints of feeling unwell, or a sudden disinterest in previously enjoyed activities.

Certain behaviors may indicate a medical problem or a significant mood issue. During adolescence, there is a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety in individuals with ASD, especially in those who are older and possess greater verbal and cognitive abilities.

Puberty brings hormonal changes for young teens, along with a more complex social environment. This can lead to feelings of being different from peers and increased levels of withdrawal, depression, and anxiety. Many teens struggle to express their emotions during this time, which can result in challenging behaviors.

If you notice any of these signs in your autistic daughter, it is important to consult with her pediatrician. They can help determine if a medical issue may contribute to the behavior changes or if emotional issues are at play.

LeafWing can be a valuable resource for developing individuals with autism for their transition into adulthood, as it is important to consider their future beyond the current state of childhood.

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Related Glossary Terms

Other Related Articles

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?

Foods to avoid with autism

Foods to avoid with autism

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Disclaimer

While some studies suggest a link between certain foods and autism symptoms, it is important to note that research in this area is still evolving. As of now, there is no concrete evidence to support the claim that avoiding certain foods can improve autism symptoms. This blog post outlines best practices for all individuals.

Children with autism have strong preferences when it comes to food. The tastes, smells, textures, and different colors of food can all be an obstacle to eating. This can cause children with autism to avoid certain foods or food groups altogether. This can lead to its own set of problems, such as not getting enough nutrients or having bouts of constipation. However, there are some foods or food ingredients you do, in fact, want to avoid feeding your child with autism due to the adverse effects.

In a nutshell, some foods/food ingredients to avoid with autism are:

  • Sugar
  • MSG
  • Artificial ingredients
  • Toxins
  • Dairy
  • Gluten
  • Corn

In this article, we’re going to discuss:

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Foods to avoid with autism

Foods to avoid for children with autism

Dairy is a major food you avoid feeding your child with autism. Dairy can cause inflammatory problems which cause brain fog and the inability to concentrate. It can also impair immune functioning within the body. Oftentimes when a child with autism removes dairy from their diet, they are more apt to reduce bowel problems, reduce hyperactivity, and increase talking and oral responses.

Another food to not feed your child with autism is corn. It is another food that promotes inflammation. This is due to the fact that corn is high in omega-6 fatty acids rather than good omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, corn is considered a grain, not a vegetable, therefore the nutritional value is low.

Finally, a food to avoid with autism is sugar. Although sugar can be within many foods as an ingredient it can also be its own food group. High amounts of sugar in a diet are not good for anyone but especially children with autism. It is common for children with autism to show signs of hyperactivity so limiting sugar can help to balance this out. Also, limiting sugar can help to improve concentration and decrease impulsiveness.

Food Ingredients children with autism should avoid

Monosodium Glutamate (MSGs) is a food ingredient you should avoid as it is very similar to sugar. Consuming large quantities of MSG can cause overstimulation in the brain and lead to hyperactivity. Many overly processed foods will contain MSGs as it is a flavor enhancer to get you to eat more of that food.

Artificial ingredients are another food ingredient to avoid feeding your child with autism. Avoid foods that have artificial dyes, colors, flavors, additives, and preservatives. Once again these are good for all people to avoid but especially children with autism as it can cause issues with development. It can also cause stomach irritation as well as being linked to disrupting normal emotional processing.

Additional food you should not feed your child with autism is toxins. Not toxins such as chemicals or dyes but rather mercury or PCBs. Mercury can often be found in fish and red meats which is good in moderation but can be extremely harmful in large quantities. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are commonly found in dairy products and pesticides found on unwashed produce should also be avoided as they can have adverse effects on the brain and the immune system.

Finally, a food ingredient you should avoid feeding your child with autism is gluten. Gluten is often a cause of stomach sensitivities and upsets. It can also decrease motor and thought coordination. Gluten is also known to cause a decrease in good bacteria in the gastrointestinal system. This can cause issues with stress and anxiety.

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best diet for a child with autism

What is the best diet for a child with autism?

A healthy diet for children with autism means eating whole foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, eggs, beans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. Foods naturally higher in vitamins and minerals are good for autism.

Beneficial vitamins and minerals:

  • Omega-3s
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin B6
  • Vitamin C
  • Magnesium
  • Vitamin D
  • Zinc

Omega-3s help to fight inflammation in the body. Omega-3s can be found in a whole range of food including:

  • Salmon
  • Free-range eggs
  • Grass-fed beef
  • Free-range chicken

It’s important to try to include these types of food around three times per week.

Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, and Magnesium all help with the nervous system and improve common symptoms associated with autism. Dark, leafy green vegetables, chickpeas, salmon, peppers, citrus fruits, broccoli, and cauliflower are all high in B6 and Vitamin C. Nuts, seas, and whole grains contain Magnesium. A child with autism could obtain these nutrients through supplements as well.

Vitamin D, especially Vitamin D3, when provided to a child with autism, greatly improves attention span, and eye coordination, and decreases adverse behaviors. Children with autism can also obtain Vitamin D through enriched cereals, eggs, many types of fish, and Vitamin D-enriched orange juice.

Finally, Zinc is a great vitamin to include in a diet for a child with autism. Improving Zinc levels has been shown to help children with autism to be less resistant to trying new foods. Zinc can be obtained through shellfish, beans, peas, cashews, lentils, and almonds.

In truth, between half and almost 90% of kids with autism manifest food selectivity. Consequently, they are more likely to consume less of a properly balanced group of nutrients and minerals from fresh fruits, veggies, and free-range proteins than typical children. When Leafwing Center is made aware by the guardian that there are no food sensitivities then a customized feeding meal plan can be formulated that is tailored to the child with autism to facilitate integrating the essential provisions for appropriate development and to aid with food selectivity. If you are concerned about the health and wellness of your child then you need to contact your pediatrician.

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Additional Articles

Frequently asked questions about ABA therapy

What is ABA Therapy used for?

ABA-based therapy can be used in a multitude of areas. Currently, these interventions are used primarily with individuals living with ASD; however, their applications can be used with individuals living with pervasive developmental disorders as well as other disorders. For ASD, it can be used in effectively teaching specific skills that may not be in a child’s repertoire of skills to help him/her function better in their environment whether that be at home, school, or out in the community.  In conjunction with skill acquisition programs, ABA-based interventions can also be used in addressing behavioral excesses (e.g., tantrum behaviors, aggressive behaviors, self-injurious behaviors). Lastly, it can also be utilized in parent/caregiver training.

In skill acquisition programs, a child’s repertoire of skills is assessed in the beginning phase of the services in key adaptive areas such as communication/language, self-help, social skills, and motor skills as well.  Once skills to be taught are identified, a goal for each skill is developed and then addressed/taught by using ABA-based techniques to teach those important skills. Ultimately, an ABA-based therapy will facilitate a degree of maintenance (i.e., the child can still perform the learned behaviors in the absence of training/intervention over time) and generalization (i.e., the learned behaviors are observed to occur in situations different from the instructional setting).  These two concepts are very important in any ABA-based intervention.

In behavior management, the challenging behaviors are assessed for their function in the beginning phase of the services. In this phase, the “why does this behavior happen in the first place?” is determined. Once known, an ABA-based therapy will be developed to not just decrease the occurrence of the behavior being addressed, but also teach the child a functionally-equivalent behavior that is socially-appropriate.  For example, if a child resorts to tantrum behaviors when she is told she cannot have a specific item, she may be taught to accept an alternative or find an alternative for herself. Of course, we can only do this up to a certain point—the offering of alternatives.  There comes a point when a ‘no’ means ‘no’ so the tantrum behavior will be left to run its course (i.e., to continue until it ceases).  This is never easy and will take some time for parents/caregivers to get used to, but research has shown that over time and consistent application of an ABA-based behavior management program, the challenging behavior will get better.

In parent training, individuals that provide care for a child may receive customized “curriculum” that best fit their situation.  A typical area covered in parent training is teaching responsible adults pertinent ABA-based concepts to help adults understand the rationale behind interventions that are being used in their child’s ABA-based services.  Another area covered in parent training is teaching adults specific skill acquisition programs and/or behavior management programs that they will implement during family time.  Other areas covered in parent training may be data collection, how to facilitate maintenance, how to facilitate generalization of learned skills to name a few.

There is no “one format” that will fit all children and their families’ needs. The ABA professionals you’re currently working with, with your participation,  will develop an ABA-based treatment package that will best fit your child’s and your family’s needs. For more information regarding this topic, we encourage you to speak with your BCBA or reach out to us at info@leafwingcenter.org.

Who Can Benefit From ABA Therapy?

There is a common misconception that the principles of ABA are specific to Autism. This is not the case. The principles and methods of ABA are scientifically backed and can be applied to any individual. With that said, the U.S. Surgeon General and the American Psychological Association consider ABA to be an evidence based practice. Forty years of extensive literature have documented ABA therapy as an effective and successful practice to reduce problem behavior and increase skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Children, teenagers, and adults with ASD can benefit from ABA therapy. Especially when started early, ABA therapy can benefit individuals by targeting challenging behaviors, attention skills, play skills, communication, motor, social, and other skills. Individuals with other developmental challenges such as ADHD or intellectual disability can benefit from ABA therapy as well. While early intervention has been demonstrated to lead to more significant treatment outcomes, there is no specific age at which ABA therapy ceases to be helpful.

Additionally, parents and caregivers of individuals living with ASD can also benefit from the principles of ABA. Depending on the needs of your loved one, the use of specified ABA techniques in addition to 1:1 services, may help produce more desirable treatment outcomes. The term “caregiver training” is common in ABA services and refers to the individualized instruction that a BCBA or ABA Supervisor provides to parents and caregivers. This typically involves a combination of individualized ABA techniques and methods parents and caregivers can use outside of 1:1 sessions to facilitate ongoing progress in specified areas.

ABA therapy can help people living with ASD, intellectual disability, and other developmental challenges achieve their goals and live higher quality lives.

What does ABA Therapy look like?

Agencies that provide ABA-based services in the home-setting are more likely to implement ABA services similarly than doing the same exact protocols or procedures. Regardless, an ABA agency under the guidance of a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst follows the same research-based theories to guide treatment that all other acceptable ABA agencies use.

ABA-based services start with a functional behavior assessment (FBA). In a nutshell, a FBA assesses why the behaviors may be happening in the first place. From there, the FBA will also determine the best way to address the difficulties using tactics that have been proven effective over time with a focus on behavioral replacement versus simple elimination of a problem behavior. The FBA will also have recommendations for other relevant skills/behaviors to be taught and parent skills that can be taught in a parent training format to name a few. From there, the intensity of the ABA-based services is determined, again, based on the clinical needs of your child. The completed FBA is then submitted to the funding source for approval.

One-on-one sessions between a behavior technician and your child will start once services are approved. The duration per session and the frequency of these sessions per week/month will all depend on how many hours your child’s ABA services have been approved for—usually, this will be the number recommended in the FBA. The sessions are used to teach identified skills/behaviors via effective teaching procedures. Another aspect of ABA-based services in the home-setting is parent training. Parent training can take many forms depending on what goals have been established during the FBA process. The number of hours dedicated for parent training is also variable and solely depends on the clinical need for it. If a 1:1 session is between a behavior technician and your child, a parent training session or appointment is between you and the case supervisor and with and without your child present, depending on the parent goal(s) identified. Parent training service’s goal is for you to be able to have ample skills/knowledge in order for you to become more effective in addressing behavioral difficulties as they occur outside of scheduled ABA sessions. Depending on the goals established, you may be required to participate in your child’s 1:1 sessions. These participations are a good way for you to practice what you have learned from the case supervisor while at the same time, having the behavior technician available to you to give you feedback as you practice on those new skills.

As mentioned in the beginning, no two ABA agencies will do the same exact thing when it comes to providing ABA services; however, good agencies will always base their practice on the same empirically-proven procedures.

How do I start ABA Therapy?

In most cases, the first item required to start ABA therapy is the individual’s autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis report. This is typically conducted by a doctor such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a developmental pediatrician. Most ABA therapy agencies and insurance companies will ask for a copy of this diagnosis report during the intake process as it is required to request an ABA assessment authorization from the individual’s medical insurance provider.

The second item required to start ABA therapy is a funding source. In the United States, and in cases where Medi-Cal or Medicare insurances are involved, there is a legal requirement for ABA services to be covered when there is a medical necessity (ASD diagnosis). Medi-Cal and Medicare cover all medically necessary behavioral health treatment services for beneficiaries. This typically includes children diagnosed with ASD. Since Applied Behavior Analysis is an evidence based and effective treatment for individuals with ASD, it is considered a covered treatment when medically necessary. In many cases, private insurance will also cover ABA services when medically necessary, however in these cases, it is best to speak directly with your medical insurance provider to determine the specifics of the coverage and to ensure that ABA is in fact, a covered benefit. Additionally, some families opt to pay for ABA services out-of-pocket.

The next step to starting ABA therapy is to contact an ABA provider whom you are interested in working with. Depending on your geographic location, ABA agencies exist in many cities across the United States. Your insurance carrier, local support groups, and even a thorough online search can help you find reputable and properly credentialed ABA agencies near you. Our organization, LeafWing Center, is based in southern California and is recognized for aiding people with ASD achieve their goals with the research based on applied behavior analysis.

Once you have identified the ABA provider with whom you wish to work, they should help you facilitate the next steps. These will include facilitating paperwork and authorizations with your funding source. Once the assessment process begins, a BCBA (Board Certified Behavior Analyst) or qualified Program Supervisor should get in contact with you to arrange times in which interviews with parents/caregivers and observations of your loved one can be conducted. This will help in the process of gathering important clinical information so that with your collaboration, the most effective treatment plans and goals can be established for your loved one. This process is referred to as the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and is elaborated on in different blog posts on our website. With regard as to what can be expected once ABA therapy begins, please read our blog post titled: When You Start an ABA program, What Should You Reasonably Expect from Your Service Provider?