Asperger's Syndrome

Asperger’s Syndrome

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Asperger's Syndrome

The name Asperger’s Syndrome has officially changed. However, many people still refer to it when discussing their condition. The symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome are now part of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASD is the term used for a variety of autism-like disorders. Some providers may still use the term Asperger’s Syndrome. Others may say “ASD – without intellectual or language impairment” or simply “autistic.” All of these terms refer to the same syndromes. Asperger’s Syndrome is now classified under ASD in the DSM-V.

What is Asperger’s Syndrome?

Asperger’s syndrome refers to a developmental disorder that falls under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Individuals with this form of ASD often experience challenges in social interactions. They typically adhere to specific routines, possess limited interests, and may display repetitive behaviors like hand flapping.

Doctors often refer to Asperger’s as a “high-functioning” type of ASD, indicating that its symptoms are generally less severe than those of other forms of autism spectrum disorder.

Why the Diagnosis Changed

Before 2013, Asperger’s Syndrome was considered a “different type of autism,” often described as involving social challenges without significant delays in language or cognitive development. The DSM‑5 combined Asperger’s with other autism‑related diagnoses to reduce confusion and better reflect the wide range of strengths and support needs within the autism spectrum.

Today, individuals who would have previously been diagnosed with Asperger’s are now diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, often with a note about their support needs.

The difference between Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The main distinction is that individuals with Asperger’s are typically very verbal and have normal to high IQs. However, they face social difficulties and may have more neurological issues. Sometimes, these individuals go undiagnosed until later in life. This can happen because common symptoms of Asperger’s may not be as evident, leading families to delay seeking a diagnosis.

Asperger’s Syndrome: Early Symptoms and Diagnosis

Asperger’s Syndrome, often classified under the broader umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental disorder that affects how individuals perceive and interact with the world around them. While symptoms of Asperger’s typically emerge early in life, many individuals are not diagnosed until later, sometimes even into adulthood.

However, most diagnoses occur between ages 5 and 9. The symptoms can vary widely among individuals. Typically, they relate to emotional, communication, and behavioral skills.

Common symptoms:

  • Have trouble making eye contact
  • Feel and act awkward in social settings
  • Have trouble responding to people in conversation
  • Miss social cues that other people find obvious
  • Don’t understand what facial expressions mean
  • Show few emotions
  • Speak in a flat, robotic tone
  • Talk a lot about one topic, such as rocks or football stats
  • Repeat words, phrases, or movements
  • Dislike change
  • Keep the same schedule and habits, such as eating the same meals
  • Difficulty with social interactions and social language
  • Not understanding emotions well or having less facial expression than others
  • Not using or understanding nonverbal communication, such as gestures, body language, and facial expression
  • Conversations that revolve around themselves or a certain topic
  • Speech that sounds unusual, such as flat, high-pitched, quiet, loud, or choppy
  • An intense obsession with one or two specific, narrow subjects
  • Unique mannerisms, repetitive behaviors, or repeated routines
  • Becoming upset at slight changes in routines
  • Memorizing preferred information and facts easily
  • Clumsy, uncoordinated movements, including difficulty with handwriting
  • Difficulty managing emotions, sometimes leading to verbal or behavioral outbursts, self-injurious behaviors, or tantrums
  • Not understanding other peoples’ feelings or perspectives
  • Hypersensitivity to lights, sounds, and textures

Children with Asperger’s Syndrome typically develop their language skills, including grammar and vocabulary, at a standard rate, but they may struggle to use language effectively in social situations. They can have average intelligence but often face attention span and organization challenges.

Why Some People Still Use the Term “Asperger’s”

Even though it is no longer a medical diagnosis, the term remains meaningful for many people. Some autistic adults prefer it as part of their identity, and some families continue to use it because it was the diagnosis they originally received. WebMD notes that the term is still sometimes used informally to describe autistic individuals with “low support needs”.

At LeafWing Center, we respect the language each individual or family prefers. Whether someone identifies as autistic, as a person with autism, or as someone with Asperger’s, our goal is to support them with compassion and evidence‑based care.

Myths and Facts

Misunderstandings about Asperger’s and autism are common. Clarifying these helps reduce stigma and build understanding.

Myth: People with Asperger’s don’t want friends.
Fact: Many deeply want connection but may need support navigating social interactions.

Myth: Asperger’s is “mild autism.”
Fact: Support needs vary widely and can change over time.

Myth: People with Asperger’s lack empathy.
Fact: Many feel empathy intensely but express it differently.

Strengths Often Associated With Asperger’s

It’s important to highlight that many individuals who fit this profile have remarkable strengths. Families, teachers, and employers often notice:

  • Exceptional honesty and reliability
  • Strong long‑term memory
  • Deep knowledge in areas of interest
  • Creative problem‑solving
  • Unique perspectives and insights
  • High levels of focus and persistence

These strengths can be powerful assets at home, in school, and in the workplace.

When to Seek Support

Families, teachers, or caregivers may consider seeking support if a child or adult is experiencing:

  • Difficulty forming or maintaining friendships
  • Challenges with flexibility or changes in routine
  • Sensory overwhelm
  • Intense or highly focused interests
  • Difficulty interpreting social cues
  • Emotional regulation challenges

Early support can make a meaningful difference in confidence, communication, and daily functioning.

Support Strategies That Help

While every autistic individual is unique, certain supports can make daily life easier and help build confidence. Research‑supported approaches include:

  • Social communication support
  • Visual schedules and predictable routines
  • Sensory accommodations
  • Parent and caregiver training
  • Speech or occupational therapy
  • Cognitive‑behavioral strategies
  • ABA‑based interventions tailored to the individual

These approaches align with recommended management strategies noted by Cleveland Clinic.

How LeafWing Center Can Help

LeafWing Center can assist in creating a treatment plan to address developmental challenges for your child with Asperger’s Syndrome. We offer testing and develop a personalized approach based on your child’s needs. It’s important to share the results with the child’s education team to support the work of the ABA therapist.

If you have questions or want to learn more about how we can support your child or family member, we’re here to help.

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Other Related Articles

ABCs of Behavior definition image

ABC’s of Behavior

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ABCs of Behavior

The ABCs of Behavior, also known as the 3-term contingency, is a simple but powerful tool used to understand why a behavior happens. By breaking behavior down into three parts, parents, caregivers, and teachers can identify patterns and make better decisions about how to respond.

 

Why the ABCs Matter

  • They help us see patterns: Does the behavior happen after a certain demand, time of day, or interaction?
  • They clarify the function of behavior: Is the child trying to escape, get attention, access something, or self-stimulate?
  • They guide intervention planning: Once we know the “why,” we can change the antecedent, teach a replacement behavior, or adjust the consequence.

Example in Practice

  • Antecedent: Parent says, “Time to clean up toys.”
  • Behavior: Child screams and throws a toy.
  • Consequence: Parent delays cleanup and helps the child instead.

This may be an escape behavior – the child is trying to get out of cleanup.
In this example, the ABCs show that the behavior may function to avoid cleanup. Knowing this, the parent can plan a new strategy (e.g., give a 2-minute warning, use a cleanup song, or reinforce small steps).

Escape vs. Avoidance: Understanding the Function

Two common behavior functions are Escape and Avoidance – both are ways a child may try to get out of something unpleasant.

Escape Contingency

  • The behavior happens to get away from something that’s already happening.
  • Example:
    • A: The teacher gives a math worksheet.
    • B: Student pushes it away and yells.
    • C: Teacher removes the worksheet.
  • Learn more

Avoidance Contingency

  • The behavior happens to prevent something from happening in the first place.
  • Example:
    • A: The student sees the teacher approaching with a worksheet.
    • B: Student hides under the desk.
    • C: Teacher decides not to give the worksheet.
  • Learn more

Understanding these contingencies helps us respond with empathy and strategy, not just discipline.

Key Takeaways for Parents & Teachers

  • Always look at the whole picture — what happened before, during, and after.
  • Avoid labeling behavior as “bad” — instead, ask what the child is trying to communicate.
  • Use the ABCs as a neutral observation tool to guide supportive responses.
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Related Glossary Terms

pictures of food items for a response

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

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Pictures of food
The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an evidence-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) method designed to help individuals with limited or no verbal language communicate effectively. Developed in 1984 by Lori Frost and Dr. Andrew Bondy, PECS has become a cornerstone in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) programs, especially for children with autism. By teaching functional communication through pictures, PECS empowers learners to express their needs, build sentences, and engage socially across various settings, including home, school, and clinical environments.

Definition of PECS

PECS is a pictorial communication system that enables individuals to use picture cards to represent items, actions, or concepts. These cards are stored in a communication book or PECS board, often with Velcro for easy access. Communication begins with simple exchanges (e.g., handing a picture of “juice” to request juice) and progresses to constructing sentences like “I want juice.”

How PECS Works

  • The learner selects a picture card representing a desired item or action.
  • The card is exchanged with a communication partner.
  • The partner provides the item or response, reinforcing the communication attempt.
  • Over time, learners build more complex sentences and expand their vocabulary.

This process emphasizes initiation — the learner independently starts communication rather than relying on prompts.

Why PECS Is Used in ABA

PECS supports functional, self-initiated communication and reduces frustration that may lead to challenging behaviors. Key benefits include:

  • Effective for children with autism who struggle with verbal expression
  • Promotes independence and social interaction
  • Can be implemented in diverse settings (home, school, therapy)
  • Does not require prerequisite skills like pointing or labeling

The Six Phases of PECS Training

PECS training follows a structured six-phase protocol:

  1. Learning How to Communicate
    • Learner exchanges a single picture for a desired item.
    • Focus on initiation without verbal prompts.
  2. Adding Distance and Persistence
    • Learner travels to the communication book and partner.
    • Builds persistence and generalization across settings./li>
  3. Picture Discrimination
    • The learner chooses between two or more pictures.
    • Expands vocabulary and discrimination skills.
  4. Sentence Structure
    • Learner uses a sentence strip (e.g., “I want [item]”).
    • Combines multiple pictures for structured communication.
  5. Answering Questions
    • Learner responds to “What do you want?” using the sentence strip.
    • Reinforces interactive communication.
  6. Commenting
    • Learner expands beyond requests to comment (e.g., “I see [object]”).
    • Supports social interaction and expressive language.

Behavioral Mechanisms Behind PECS

PECS is grounded in behavioral principles:

  • Shaping: Gradually building communication skills step by step
  • Differential Reinforcement: Rewarding correct exchanges with access to desired items
  • Transfer of Stimulus Control: Teaching independence by fading prompts

Considerations for Severity and Function

  • Effective for: Replacing challenging behaviors maintained by access to tangibles or escape from demands
  • Less effective for: Behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement (e.g., sensory stimulation)
  • Target population: Nonverbal or minimally verbal individuals across a wide range of severities

Caregiver and Practical Considerations

PECS is appealing because:

  • Requires minimal motor skills from the learner
  • Low cost and portable across settings
  • Can be taught relatively quickly
  • Promotes meaningful, functional communication
  • Caregivers can implement with high fidelity after training

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is more than a communication tool; it’s a pathway to independence, social connection, and reduced frustration for individuals with autism and other communication challenges. By following its structured six-phase protocol, caregivers and professionals can help learners build functional communication skills that last a lifetime.

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Related Glossary Terms

Related Article

Fine motor skills board

Fine Motor Skills

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Fine motor skills board

Fine motor skills refer to the coordinated movements and control of the small muscles in our hands, fingers, and wrists. These skills involve precise and delicate movements that enable us to write, button a dress, use utensils, and manipulate small objects. Fine motor skills play a foundational role in a child’s ability to learn, play, and care for themselves. In children with autism, delays or difficulties in these skills can create barriers in communication (e.g., writing or using AAC devices), social participation, and academic achievement. Recognizing these challenges early allows for more effective support and intervention.

Fine motor skills encompass a range of abilities, including:

  • Grasping and manipulating objects
  • Hand-eye coordination
  • Finger dexterity
  • Precision and control in movements

Does autism affect fine motor skills?

Individuals with autism may experience fine motor skills challenges, which can significantly impact their daily lives. These difficulties can affect various areas of functioning, such as:

  • Impaired fine motor skills can affect handwriting, drawing, and other activities requiring precise control, potentially impacting academic performance.
  • Fine motor skills can impact independence and self-care abilities, particularly in tasks such as dressing, buttoning, and tying shoelaces.
  • Fine motor challenges can affect social participation. Individuals might face difficulties with activities requiring fine motor skills, like playing with small toys or participating in arts and crafts with others.
  • Fine motor difficulties can impact daily tasks like using utensils, brushing teeth, and opening containers, which may result in frustration and decreased independence.

Signs of Fine Motor Delays in Children with Autism

Parents and caregivers may notice signs such as:

  • Difficulty grasping small objects or using tools like crayons or scissors
  • Avoidance of activities that require hand coordination
  • Messy or laborious handwriting
  • Trouble dressing (e.g., using buttons, zippers)
  • Challenges with self-feeding or brushing teeth

Identifying these signs can lead to early referrals for occupational therapy or other interventions.

Enhancing Fine Motor Skills in Autism

Several effective strategies can be employed to enhance fine motor skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These strategies aim to improve coordination, agility, and control over small muscle movements. Some of the key strategies include:

  • Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists collaborate with families to pinpoint specific challenges and develop personalized intervention strategies, which may involve activities focusing on hand-eye coordination, finger strength, and precision. They may incorporate activities like:
    • finger painting,
    • drawing and coloring,
    • cutting and pasting,
    • playdough,
    • puzzles,
    • and building with blocks to improve hand control and manipulation skills.
  • Sensory Integration Techniques: Sensory integration techniques focus on managing sensory input to enhance sensory processing, leading to improved coordination and motor skills. Engaging in activities like:
    • swinging,
    • jumping,
    • sensory bins,
    • and exploring textured materials can support the development of body awareness and coordination in individuals with ASD.
  • Assistive Devices and Adaptive Tools: Assistive devices and adaptive tools can support children with ASD in managing fine motor challenges through features like improved grip, stability, and customized designs tailored to their unique requirements. Examples of assistive devices and adaptive tools include:
    • pencil grips,
    • weighted utensils,
    • and specialized keyboards.

Remember, including daily living skills in the daily routine can help enhance fine motor skills. Here at LeafWing, we encourage parents to allow their children to engage in activities suitable for their age like tying their shoes, zipping up their jackets, or buttoning their clothes. With older children, you can get them involved in meal preparation like cutting soft fruits or vegetables or spreading condiments. It’s crucial to customize activities based on each child’s strengths and offer the right kind of help and encouragement.

Motivation and Engagement Matter to Improve Fine Motor Skills

Children with autism may be more likely to engage in fine motor practice when activities are tied to their interests. For example, if a child enjoys trains, using train-themed stickers or puzzles can keep them motivated during fine motor activities. Incorporating their preferences can increase attention span and willingness to participate.

Collaborating with a Team

Working with a multidisciplinary team—including occupational therapists, behavior analysts, and educators—can maximize outcomes.

By implementing specific strategies, children with ASD can improve their fine motor skills when partnering with professionals like occupational therapists and embracing targeted interventions. With dedication, practice, and the right tools, children with ASD can enhance their fine motor skills and increase their independence in daily activities. LeafWing offers therapy plans to strengthen fine motor skills and would happily partner with you and your child.

Understanding the link between autism and fine motor skills is crucial in identifying appropriate strategies and interventions to support children with ASD in developing and enhancing their fine motor abilities.

Fine Motor Skills Takeaway for Parents and Caregivers

Supporting fine motor development in children with autism requires patience, consistency, and the right strategies. With early intervention, personalized tools, and positive reinforcement, children can gain the skills they need to thrive with greater independence and confidence. LeafWing is here to support every step of that journey.

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Triennial IEP

Triennial IEP

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Triennial IEP

The Triennial IEP, also known as a triennial assessment or reevaluation, is a comprehensive review that takes place every three years for students receiving special education services. This process ensures that students continue to qualify for services and that their Individualized Education Program remains aligned with their current needs.

During the triennial review, the IEP team collaborates to determine which evaluations and assessments are necessary. These may include academic, psychological, behavioral, or other specialized assessments based on the student’s unique profile. While this reevaluation is required every three years, additional assessments may occur more frequently if needed, provided both the parents and the school district agree. Without such agreement, reevaluations are limited to once per year.

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), families and schools have the right to request an evaluation at any time if new concerns or information arise before the scheduled triennial.

If a school does not initiate a triennial review, parents are encouraged to reach out to their child’s IEP case manager. In some cases, after reviewing existing data and progress, the IEP team—along with the parents—may determine that a formal reevaluation is not necessary. If both parties agree in writing, the reevaluation can be waived.

However, it’s important to note that three years is a substantial period in a student’s development. Even when a student clearly continues to qualify for services, a fresh evaluation can provide updated insights into their academic, emotional, and social progress. These insights help the IEP team make more informed decisions about goals, supports, and services that reflect the student’s evolving strengths and needs.

Triennial IEP Assessment and Meeting Guidelines:

  • 60 days before the triennial IEP meeting to begin assessments
  • 15 calendar days to propose a plan for re-assessment
  • 60 calendar days after the parent agrees to the assessment plan to hold an IEP meeting to review the results

Note: Timelines may vary by state; consult local regulations.

There are two types of reevaluations:

  • Triennial reevaluation (three-year review)
  • Parent or Teacher requested reevaluation

Reasons to request a reevaluation

A reevaluation can provide additional information to the IEP team. For instance, if a student with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has accommodations to aid in their focus, but their impulsive behavior is also causing disruptions in the classroom, a behavior assessment might be necessary if it wasn’t included in the initial evaluation.

Some other reasons to reevaluate:

  • New areas of concern became clearer once a student got support.
  • The information from a previous evaluation didn’t address all the areas it needed to.
  • A student wasn’t found initially eligible but still struggles.

The Key Take-away

The triennial reevaluation aims to see if a student’s needs have changed. It’s also to see if they still qualify for special education services.

LeafWing can assist in providing a list of necessary services that must be established on your student’s IEP Plan to succeed in a school environment. Please reach out to your BCBA for assistance.

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Other Assessments:

  • Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE): An evaluation conducted by a qualified examiner not employed by the school district, often requested when parents disagree with the school’s assessment.
  • Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA): Analyzes a student’s behavior to identify causes and develop strategies for improvement.
  • Psychological evaluation
  • Psycho-educational testing: Assesses cognitive, academic, and emotional functioning to inform educational planning.
  • Classroom observation

Other Considerations:

IEP Transition Plan
Individual Transition Plan (ITP)

Related Glossary Terms

  • IEP: Individualized Education Program—a customized plan outlining special education services for a student.
  • FAPE: Free Appropriate Public Education—the right to special education services at no cost to parents.
  • IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
  • LRE: Least Restrictive Environment—the setting that allows students with disabilities to be educated alongside non-disabled peers to the greatest extent appropriate.
IEP

IEP

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IEP

An Individual Education Plan is an individualized education plan for children, adolescents, or adults if enrolled in a Special Education Program. An IEP is an important legally binding document—parents/guardians should pay close attention to its development and implementation.

IEPs and ETRs go hand in hand. The IEP is based on the ETR. Our goal is to help families understand special education. We’ll begin with two important documents – the Evaluation Team Report (ETR) and the Individualized Education Program (IEP). These documents should clearly outline your child’s educational background, needs, and goals.

The Evaluation Team Report (ETR), also known as a Multifactored Evaluation (MFE), is a thorough document created by the education team in response to a parent/guardian’s request. It encompasses input and assessments from special education teachers, physical/occupational/speech therapists, school psychologists, and other professionals.

Who qualifies for an IEP?

It should be noted that not all students with a learning disability will receive special education services with an individualized education program (IEP). There are 13 conditions that are covered by the IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act:

  • Specific learning disability (such as dyslexia)
  • Other health impairments (such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
  • Emotional disturbance (such as depression)
  • Speech or language impairment
  • Visual impairment, including blindness
  • Deafness
  • Hearing impairment
  • Deaf-blindness
  • Orthopedic impairment (such as cerebral palsy)
  • Intellectual disability
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Multiple disabilities

Key Components of an IEP

Key components include:

  • Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP): Describes the child’s current abilities.
  • Annual Goals: Measurable academic and functional objectives.
  • Special Education and Related Services: Specific services provided to the child.
  • Participation with Non-Disabled Children: Extent of inclusion in regular education settings.
  • Participation in State and District-Wide Tests: Accommodations or alternate assessments.
  • Dates and Places: When services begin, frequency, location, and duration.
  • Transition Services: For students aged 16 and above, planning for post-secondary goals.

IEP Team Composition

The development of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a collaborative effort designed to ensure that every child with a disability receives the appropriate support and services to thrive in their educational environment. The IEP Team plays a crucial role in this process, and its composition is both strategic and mandated under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).Typically, the team includes:​

  • The child’s parents or guardians.
    Parents are considered equal partners in the IEP process. Their insights about their child’s strengths, challenges, history, and personality are invaluable in shaping a program that reflects both academic and personal growth goals. They help ensure the IEP aligns with family priorities and expectations.
  • At least one general education teacher.
    If the child is (or may be) participating in the general education classroom, at least one of their general ed teachers must be part of the team. This teacher helps the team understand how the child will engage with standard curriculum and what supports might be needed to ensure success in that environment.
  • At least one special education teacher.
    This educator offers a deep understanding of how to tailor teaching methods to support the student’s unique learning needs. They play a lead role in developing the IEP goals and identifying the special education services that will be provided.
  • A school district representative.
    Often a principal or special education coordinator, this person is qualified to provide or supervise the provision of special education services. They also ensure the IEP aligns with district resources and policies.
  • An individual who can interpret evaluation results.
    This person may be a school psychologist, diagnostician, or another qualified professional. They help the team understand what the test results mean for the student’s academic performance and needs, providing a foundation for creating measurable goals.
  • Others with knowledge or expertise about the child, as invited by the parent (School Advocate) or school (Optional).
    At the discretion of the parents or school, others may be invited to join the team. These might include a therapist, private tutor, behavioral specialist, or a school advocate — someone who helps parents navigate the IEP process and ensures the child’s rights are protected.
  • The child, when appropriate.​
    Especially for older students (typically 14+), participating in their own IEP meeting fosters self-advocacy and independence. Their voice can inform goals related to career readiness, transition planning, or specific supports they feel they need.

The IEP process is built on the principle that no single individual has all the answers. Bringing together professionals, parents, and even the student ensures a 360° understanding of the child and creates a plan that is both educationally sound and personally meaningful. Collaboration leads to stronger support, better communication, and ultimately, better outcomes for the student.

IEP Development Process

A step-by-step overview of how an IEP is created and implemented:​

  1. Referral: A request for evaluation is made.
  2. Evaluation: Assessments determine eligibility.
  3. Eligibility Determination: The team decides if the child qualifies for special education.
  4. IEP Meeting: The team develops the IEP.
  5. Implementation: Services outlined in the IEP begin.
  6. Review and Revision: The IEP is reviewed at least annually and revised as needed.​

How often are changes made to an IEP?

The school must review your child’s IEP on a yearly basis to discuss goals, programs, and services. Parents can also request a progress meeting before the yearly review if they have any concerns. Re-evaluation for special education eligibility must be considered by the IEP team every three years.

LeafWing can help identify the essential services needed for your child’s IEP Plan to ensure success in a school setting. Please consult your BCBA for assistance. Additionally, LeafWing Center can provide guidance in achieving the goals outlined in the IEP.

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Key points to remember about the IEP

  • After the ETR is finished, the IEP team creates a written document called the IEP within 30 days. This document is specifically tailored to address the educational needs of a student with disabilities.
  • The IEP serves as a program that outlines the child’s current strengths, needs, present levels, goals, and services.
  • Parent/guardian input is gathered when creating the IEP. Other IEP team members include intervention specialists, general education teacher(s), and therapist(s).
  • Intervention specialists in the child’s public school district must annually write, present, and finalize IEPs for all qualifying students.
  • If your child has an Individualized Education Program (IEP), they also have an Evaluation Team Report (ETR). To obtain a copy of either document, don’t hesitate to get in touch with your local school district and request one. Both the IEP and ETR must be provided to the parent/guardian.

Related Glossary Terms

What to do before and after telling your child with autism “No”

Antecedent

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Antecedent

An antecedent is what occurs before a behavior. It is crucial to be specific and accurate in identifying the antecedent. The ABC Model of Behavior consists of the antecedent, behavior, and consequence. The antecedent is represented by ‘A’ in the ABC model. The behavior is denoted by ‘B’ and the consequence by ‘C’.

The antecedent is the event or stimulus that triggers a behavior. It can be environmental (such as a noise in the classroom or an object on the desk), social/interpersonal (such as being given a task by someone else), or internal (such as feeling anxious). Antecedents can also involve instruction, such as being asked to do something or offering choices. We can’t talk just about antecedents without talking about the ABC Model of Behavior.

What is the ABC Model of Behavior?

Behavior analysis is the scientific study of behaviors and why they occur. It is based on behaviorism and the idea that behaviors result from conditioning. Different factors can influence behaviors, such as environmental triggers or a cue from another person that sets off the behavior. The ABC Model is a tool used in behavior analysis and is used by ABA therapists to aid in helping those with autism adapt and be comfortable within the environment in which they live. The ABC Model stands for Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence. This model helps to examine triggers that cause desired or undesired behaviors, the behaviors themselves, and their impact on individuals or their surroundings.

How does ABA therapy address the antecedent?

The antecedent in the ABC Model is a tool used to facilitate the examination of the triggers behind a behavior. It is a key component in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and helps practitioners break down behaviors into smaller elements. By examining what happened before an event, practitioners can better understand why a behavior occurred and develop plans for addressing it.

Some triggers of antecedents are:

  • Environmental (noise, temperature, lighting): A student hears the school bell ring
  • Social Interaction: The stewardess is presented with an airline ticket from a passenger before boarding
  • Internal (anxiety): A student’s normal schedule becomes disrupted

Examples of Antecedents in Action

  1. In the Classroom:
    A teacher asks a student to complete a math problem on the board (antecedent), leading the student to comply or refuse (behavior). The teacher’s approach or timing may influence how the student responds.
  2. At Home:
    A parent announces it’s time to stop playing video games (antecedent), and the child reacts by arguing or turning off the game peacefully (behavior). The tone of the announcement might affect the child’s reaction.
  3. In the Workplace:
    A manager gives feedback on a project (antecedent), and the employee reacts defensively or openly (behavior). The phrasing of the feedback can influence the employee’s behavior.

Applying the ABC Model of Behavior

To apply the ABC Model effectively, you need to establish a clear pattern of antecedent, behavior, and consequence. Focus on identifying one specific behavior for analysis at a time. Observe a re-occurring behavior in various scenarios to truly grasp its pattern and the why behind the behavior. Remember, people can behave differently in different situations. To create an effective behavioral intervention plan, you must fully understand the behavior and identify all related antecedents, which may be multiple in some cases.

Start by formulating questions with when, where, what, and who to get a better understanding of the antecedent. When answering these types of questions (shown below), you will start to notice a pattern, and from the pattern, you can start redirecting the problem behavior.

Example questions:

  • At what time does the problem behavior typically happen?
  • Where is the problem behavior typically observed?
  • Who is present during the occurrence of the problem behavior?
  • What activities or events come before the problem behavior happens?
  • What are the actions or comments made by others right before the problem behavior occurs?
  • Does the child exhibit any other behaviors before the problem behavior?
  • In which situations is the problem behavior least likely to occur, and with whom, when, and where?

The Benefits of ABC Model:

  • It is easy to understand and apply.
  • It helps us understand how behavior is formed and where we can intervene.
  • It is also a simple framework to help communicate behavior to others who were not present during the behavior.

The Limitations of ABC Model:

  • It requires multiple observations of the behavior.
  • Repeated observations may not be safe or feasible.
  • Time may be wasted if the behavior doesn’t happen often.
  • The observations are correlational, so causality can’t be determined.
  • Many variables and antecedents can affect the behavior.
  • It’s hard to isolate a single reason for the behavior.

Three strategies for manipulating antecedents to promote a desired behavior are:

  1. Provide the necessary cues for the desired behavior within the child’s surroundings.
  2. Create an environment that makes it more beneficial for the child to engage in the desired behavior.
  3. To make it easier for the child to engage in the desired behavior, reduce the physical effort required.

Antecedents are a helpful way to understand and dissect behaviors. Without considering the antecedent that caused a behavior to occur, you cannot begin to change the behavior to a more desired one or stop the behavior from occurring altogether.

Understanding antecedents is an essential step in managing and modifying behaviors. By identifying what leads to a behavior, we uncover the reasons behind its occurrence and ways to address it. Effectively identifying antecedents is vital for promoting positive change in education, parenting, therapy, or the workplace.

It is vital to be specific and accurate in identifying antecedents. Generalizing or overlooking details can lead to ineffective strategies or misinterpreting the behavior’s cause. A thorough analysis often includes observations, data collection, and sometimes even interviews to pinpoint the exact antecedent.

Let LeafWing Center help identify the antecedent that triggers undesirable behavior. Request a behavior consultation today!

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Related Glossary Terms

Additional Articles

self-contained classroom setup

Self-contained Classroom

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self-contained classroom setup

A self-contained classroom typically has a smaller teacher-to-student ratio than an inclusive classroom. It is taught by a Special Education teacher who has a degree in Special Education with the inclusion of at least one trained paraprofessional.

The self-contained classroom is a specialized learning environment where special education teachers support students with significant cognitive, emotional, and/or physical delays.

Benefits of Self-Contained Classroom:

  • personalize learning
  • increase social interaction and a sense of belonging for students with diverse needs
  • helps teachers understand students better
  • support those with disabilities

Challenges of Self-Contained Classroom:

  • limited resources
  • accommodate varied learning needs
  • find a balance between individualized teaching and group work

What is the Purpose of a Self-Contained Classroom?

The purpose of a self-contained classroom is to provide a tailored educational environment that meets the unique needs of students who may struggle to thrive in a general education setting. These classrooms are designed to:

  1. Offer Specialized Instruction: The curriculum is adapted to suit the students’ abilities, ensuring they receive an education that aligns with their developmental and academic levels. Teachers use targeted strategies and tools to support learning, including visual aids, assistive technology, and modified lesson plans.
  2. Create a Supportive Environment: Self-contained classrooms often feature smaller student-to-teacher ratios, enabling educators to give individualized attention. This setting reduces the sensory and social demands that might overwhelm students in larger, more complex general education environments.
  3. Promote Skill Development: These classrooms focus not only on academics but also on developing life skills, social-emotional growth, and behavior management strategies that prepare students for greater independence.
  4. Ensure Student Success: For some students, the tailored setting of a self-contained classroom provides the best opportunity to achieve academic and personal goals at their own pace.

What is the Difference Between Self-Contained and Inclusion Classrooms?

The primary distinction between self-contained and inclusion classrooms lies in their structure and the level of integration between students with special needs and their typically developing peers.

  1. Self-Contained Classrooms:
    • These are specialized environments where students with similar educational or developmental needs learn together, often with fewer students per teacher. The curriculum, pace, and teaching strategies are tailored specifically to meet the needs of the students in that classroom.
    • Students in self-contained classrooms may spend the majority, if not all, of their school day in this setting, with minimal interaction with the broader school population.
    • Teachers in self-contained classrooms often hold specialized certifications in special education and use individualized instruction to meet the unique needs of each student.
  2. Inclusion Classrooms:
    • Inclusion classrooms, also known as mainstream classrooms, integrate students with disabilities into general education settings alongside their peers without disabilities. Support services, such as a special education co-teacher or an aide, are provided to help meet the diverse needs of all students.
    • The goal of inclusion is to provide students with disabilities access to the general education curriculum while promoting social interaction and a sense of belonging with their peers.
    • Inclusion focuses on fostering a collaborative environment where all students, regardless of their abilities, can learn together.

The decision between placing a student in a self-contained or inclusion classroom depends on their specific needs, the nature and severity of their disability, and their Individualized Education Program (IEP).

When is a Self-Contained Classroom Appropriate?

A self-contained classroom is appropriate for students whose needs cannot be adequately met in an inclusion setting, even with additional support. These may include students with:

  • Significant learning disabilities or developmental delays.
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that requires intensive intervention.
  • Emotional or behavioral disorders that impact their ability to function in a general education environment.
  • Multiple disabilities that require a highly specialized educational program.

The decision to place a child in a self-contained classroom is made collaboratively by the IEP team, which includes parents, teachers, special education staff, and other relevant professionals.

By understanding the differences and purposes of self-contained and inclusion classrooms, educators and families can make informed decisions that best support each student’s growth and success.

Tips for a Successful Self-Contained Classroom

  • Class size: The class size should be around 10 to 15 students, with 2 to 3 paraprofessionals assisting the Special Education teacher.
  • The format: Every area in the classroom should have a purpose and contain visuals of the steps needed to take place in each particular area so the students have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. Each area should have its own designated color. The color helps them associate the tasks required of them. The goal is to teach independence.
  • Provide structure: Each student is assigned a color, and all of their things are associated with that color, like
    • Schedule
    • Basket/bin
    • Desk
    • Mini schedule will also contain the station colors and the student’s own color

Self-contained classroom

Example of Classroom setup with Centers for students

The students will rotate clockwise when moving from station to station. Make sure to have an area for the students to commute at the beginning of the day to go over the rules. Don’t forget to provide a place for the students to put their backpacks, color-coded, of course.

  1. English Language Art Center
    • Teacher Lead
    • Color: Yellow
    • Provide a sign with visuals
  2. Quiet Reading Center
    • Independent center
    • Color: Lime Green
    • Provide a sign with visuals
  3. Task box Center
    • Independent center
    • Once the student does 3 tasks, then they receive a reward like iPad time
    • Color: Purple
    • Super important to provide visuals because they will be required to do multiple tasks
  4. Play Center
    • Independent center
    • Mainly for primary grades
    • Color: Blue
    • They have an opportunity to learn from others and be part of a community
    • Provide visuals
  5. Teacher Lead Center
    • Special instruction
    • Color: Orange
    • Individualized for that particular student
  6. Independent Center
    • Have a few options for the student to choose from, like iPad time
    • Color: Green
    • Provide visuals

Extra areas in the classroom

  1. Make sure you have designated area for Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy to work with the students
  2. Provide a calm-down corner, but keep it simple
    • Bean bag chair
    • Area rug
    • Sensory toys
    • Blanket
    • Pillows
  3. Restrooms within the room are a plus
    • Have a boy visual and a girl visual of the steps of how to use the restroom
    • Provide visuals of how to wash hands

4 main goals for Self-Contained Classrooms

  1. Create a sense of community
  2. Establish routines but encourage flexibility
  3. Employ varied instructional approaches
    • Learning Stations/Centers
    • Hands-on activities
    • Computer Apps (Kahoot and Quizlet)
  4. Integrate community-based instruction
    • community garden
    • Working at a food bank
    • Making a craft with seniors

Self-contained classrooms are vital for supporting students with significant educational needs. They balance personalized learning with emotional and social growth while preparing students for independence. Despite challenges, with thoughtful planning, effective tools, and a focus on community, these classrooms can provide an enriching experience that empowers students to succeed.

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Helpful Articles

 

Backward Chaining

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Getting Dressed

Backward chaining is a term for a technique used to teach a child with autism some basic task analysis, such as getting dressed, eating a meal, brushing their teeth, or combing their hair.

The ABA therapist or parent goes through each step of a process with the child with autism together until the last step, which the therapist prompts the child to complete. The child with autism will enjoy the success that comes from completing a task. Once the child can do the last step you complete all the steps except for the last two. Then, the two move backward through the steps until the whole process has been learned in full. For example, it takes five steps for a child to perform a skill. The therapist will provide the child with maximum support from Step 1 through Step 4 with prompts fading in Step 5 until an acceptable level of performance is observed. After learning Step 5, Step 4 is targeted to be taught, and so on and so forth. Remember to make sure the steps are precise and exact. If steps are implied, left out, or vague, the child with autism may struggle to interpret the full task.

Steps for some basic task analysis using backward chaining

Putting on Pants:

  • Sit on the floor, bed, or chair.
  • Hold pants by the waistband, look for the label at the back.
  • Lower pants and lift one leg into the leg hole.
  • Put the other leg into the second hole.
  • Pull pants up to knees.
  • Stand up and pull pants up to your waist.

Putting on Socks:

  • Sitting on the floor with your back against the wall or on a chair.
  • Hook both thumbs into the opening of a sock and hold onto the edge.
  • Push toes into the sock.
  • Lift the foot and pull the sock over the heel.
  • Pull sock up the leg.

Putting on Shoes:

  • Sitting on the floor with your back against the wall or on a chair.
  • Slip shoe over the foot. Place the index finger inside the heel of the shoe and pull the shoe the rest of the way over your foot.
  • Place foot on the floor and stand up to push the foot down into the shoe.

Research shows that backward chaining is very effective for many children with autism, particularly useful when learning self-care skills like getting dressed. But it is important for the therapist, teacher, or parent to be involved and attentive at every step. Many ABA therapists prefer backward chaining since it allows a child with autism to see the entire process from start to finish. The child with autism gets this overview of the process before they attempt to learn the task.

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See the counterpart to backward chaining: Forward Chaining

Pervasive developmental disorder

PDD

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Pervasive developmental disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder (known as Pervasive Development Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified [PDD-NOS]), now recognized as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), involves delays in the development of social and communication skills. Symptoms may be observed as early as infancy but typically appear by 3 years of age.

Symptoms may include:
  • Problems with using and understanding language
  • Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events
  • Different modes of playing with toys and other objects
  • Difficulty with changes in routine or surroundings
  • Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns

Children with PDD have a range of abilities. Some may not speak at all, while others may have limited speech. Some may have average language skills. Repetitive play and limited social skills are usually present. Many children with PDD have extreme reactions to sensory stimuli like noise and light.

Currently, there is no known cure for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Treatment options may include medication for addressing specific behavioral issues and therapy tailored to individual needs. Some children with PDD may benefit from specialized classrooms, while others may thrive in standard special education or regular classes with extra support.

PDD was one of several previously separate subtypes of autism that were folded into the single diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with the publication of the DSM-5 diagnostic manual in 2013.

How to recognize PDD?

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is identified by delays in social and communication skills, which can be observed by parents as early as infancy. These behaviors may include delays in language development, challenges in social interactions, repetitive movements, and difficulty adapting to changes in routine.

How should Pervasive Developmental Disorder be treated?

Early diagnosis and intervention for PDD can significantly improve outcomes, such as success in mainstream classrooms and independence in adulthood. Behavioral therapy can still be effective even if initiated later in life.

Individuals with PDD exhibit a range of strengths and challenges, requiring personalized treatments and interventions based on a thorough assessment by a qualified specialist. Evaluation should consider factors such as behavioral history, current symptoms, communication abilities, social skills, and neuropsychological functioning.

Parents of children diagnosed with PDD are encouraged to consider an Early Intervention Program (EIP) for young children and an Individual Education Program (IEP) for school-age children.

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